Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between Lamarck’s and Darwin’s hypotheses of evolution?

Accepted Answer

Lamarck proposed that acquired traits during an organism’s lifetime are inherited, while Darwin proposed that natural selection acts on heritable variation.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a key feature of natural selection?

Accepted Answer

All individuals in a population survive and reproduce equally.

Question 3

A population of insects develops resistance to a pesticide over several generations. Which principle of natural selection does this scenario best illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Individuals with genetic variations that confer resistance survive and reproduce, increasing the frequency of resistance alleles.

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

Wings of bats and wings of birds, which evolved independently for flight.

Question 5

Which of the following best defines the biological species concept?

Accepted Answer

A group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring.

Question 6

Which of the following is a prezygotic barrier to reproduction?

Accepted Answer

Temporal isolation, where two species breed at different times.

Question 7

Which scenario best illustrates allopatric speciation?

Accepted Answer

A river forms and splits a population of rodents, leading to the evolution of two distinct species.

Question 8

Which of the following is a limitation of the biological species concept?

Accepted Answer

It cannot be applied to fossils or asexual organisms.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about phylogenetic trees is correct?

Accepted Answer

A monophyletic group includes an ancestor and all of its descendants.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of homology rather than analogy?

Accepted Answer

The forelimbs of whales and bats, which have similar bone structures due to common ancestry.

Question 11

Which process is responsible for the genetic diversity observed in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation, transformation, and transduction.

Question 12

A bacterium acquires antibiotic resistance by picking up a plasmid from its environment. Which process is this?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have them.

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of metabolic cooperation among prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Cyanobacteria forming heterocysts for nitrogen fixation.

Question 15

Which process is described by the equation below, and what is its significance in the nitrogen cycle?

$$\mathrm{N_2$ + 8H^+ + 8e^- \rightarrow 2NH_3 + H_2$}$$

Accepted Answer

Nitrogen fixation; it converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia usable by living organisms.

Question 16

Which of the following is evidence supporting the theory of primary endosymbiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA similar to prokaryotes.

Question 17

Which supergroup of eukaryotes includes organisms such as Paramecium and Plasmodium, and what is a key characteristic?

Accepted Answer

SAR; presence of alveoli under the plasma membrane.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes a polyphyletic group in a phylogenetic tree?

Accepted Answer

A group that does not include the most recent common ancestor of its members.

Question 19

Which of the following is a drawback of the traditional Linnaean taxonomic classification system?

Accepted Answer

It does not always reflect evolutionary relationships.

Question 20

A scientist is reading a phylogenetic tree and notices that two species share a recent common ancestor and a derived character. According to the principle of parsimony, what is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

The derived character evolved once in their common ancestor.

Evolution, Speciation, Taxonomy, Prokaryotes, and Protists: Study Guide for BIO 131 Exam 1

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