Q: Which of the following is the correct flow of genetic information in a cell, according to the central dogma of molecular biology?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-enclosed organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 2

A scientist discovers a new organism whose cells lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Which of the following is most likely true about this organism?

Accepted Answer

It is a prokaryote and its genetic material is not enclosed within a membrane.

Question 3

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between atomic number and atomic mass?

Accepted Answer

Atomic number is the number of protons; atomic mass is the sum of protons and neutrons.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why carbon is so important in biological molecules?

Accepted Answer

Carbon can form four covalent bonds, allowing for a variety of stable and complex molecules.

Question 5

A molecule of sodium chloride (NaCl) is held together by which type of bond, and what is the mechanism of bond formation?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bond; formed by the transfer of an electron from sodium to chlorine.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes a hydrogen bond?

Accepted Answer

A weak bond formed when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom.

Question 7

Which of the following functional groups is correctly matched with its structure?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group: $$-COOH$$

Question 8

A dehydration reaction is important in the formation of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Polymers, by joining monomers together with the loss of a water molecule.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about saturated and unsaturated fats is correct?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fats have no double bonds and are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats have double bonds and are liquid at room temperature.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the process of denaturation in proteins?

Accepted Answer

A protein loses its shape and function due to changes in pH, salt concentration, or temperature.

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct flow of genetic information in a cell, according to the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 12

Which of the following best describes an amphipathic molecule?

Accepted Answer

A molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

Question 13

Which of the following polysaccharides is primarily used for structural support in plants?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose

Question 14

A patient is found to have a genetic disorder affecting the cytoskeleton. Which of the following cellular processes is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Cell motility and regulation

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

A fatty acid chain

Question 16

If a molecule has both a carboxyl group and an amino group, it is most likely:

Accepted Answer

An amino acid

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why isotopes of an element have different atomic masses?

Accepted Answer

They have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of a peptide bond?

Accepted Answer

A covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct match between a cytoskeletal fiber and its function?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules: support cell shape and are involved in cell motility

Question 20

A mutation causes a cell to lose its ability to form hydrogen bonds. Which of the following processes would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

The formation of secondary structure in proteins, such as alpha helices and beta sheets.

Fundamental Concepts in General Biology: Cell Types, Chemical Bonds, Macromolecules, and Cytoskeleton

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