$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Beadle and Tatum's experiments with Neurospora crassa led to which major conclusion about gene function?

Accepted Answer

Each gene codes for a single, specific protein or enzyme.

Question 2

According to the central dogma of molecular biology, what is the typical flow of genetic information?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 3

Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying an amino acid to the ribosome during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Question 4

Which codon serves as the start codon, signaling the beginning of translation?

Accepted Answer

AUG

Question 5

During which stage of transcription does RNA polymerase bind to the promoter to begin RNA synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Initiation

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT one of the modifications made to pre-mRNA before it becomes mature, translation-ready mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Conversion of all uracil bases to thymine

Question 7

Introns and exons differ in that:

Accepted Answer

Exons are coding regions that are eventually expressed as protein; introns are noncoding segments that are typically removed during splicing

Question 8

The anticodon on a tRNA molecule functions to:

Accepted Answer

Pair with the complementary codon on the mRNA, ensuring the correct amino acid is added

Question 9

In the ribosome, which site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

P site (peptidyl site)

Question 10

A point mutation that changes a codon to a stop codon, resulting in a shortened, incomplete protein, is called a:

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 11

A mutation that adds or deletes a nucleotide in a gene sequence, altering the reading frame, is called a:

Accepted Answer

Frameshift mutation

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why GloFish glow under UV light?

Accepted Answer

They have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins derived from organisms like jellyfish.

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-world example of a disease caused by a point mutation?

Accepted Answer

Sickle cell anemia

Question 14

What is the function of the 5' cap and poly-A tail added to eukaryotic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

They protect the mRNA from degradation and help ribosomes attach for translation.

Question 15

Which process allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Alternative RNA splicing

Question 16

A scientist wants to visualize the location of a protein inside a living cell. Which technique would be most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

Tagging the protein with GFP (green fluorescent protein) and using fluorescence microscopy

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the spliceosome in gene expression?

Accepted Answer

It removes introns from pre-mRNA and joins exons together.

Question 18

A mutation changes the DNA sequence from TAC-TTT-GGG-ACC-ACT to TAC-TTT-GGA-CCA-CT. What type of mutation is this, and what is its likely effect?

Accepted Answer

Frameshift mutation; it alters the reading frame and likely changes all downstream amino acids.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the wobble hypothesis is correct?

Accepted Answer

The third base of a codon can often vary without changing the amino acid specified.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of a signal peptide during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It directs the newly synthesized protein to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein (Chapter 17) – Study Notes

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