Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of the plant shoot system?

Accepted Answer

Transporting water, minerals, and photosynthates between roots and leaves.

Question 2

During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

ATP and NADPH are produced using light energy.

Question 3

A plant is exposed to increased levels of carbon dioxide and light. According to the process of photosynthesis, what is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The plant will increase its rate of glucose production.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains how water moves from the roots to the leaves in tall trees?

Accepted Answer

Water moves upward due to capillary action and transpiration pull.

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the overall process of photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

$$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \xrightarrow{light} C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2$$

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback loop in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of blood sugar by insulin and glucagon.

Question 7

A mammal living in a cold environment increases its metabolic rate to maintain body temperature. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Endothermy

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the Bohr effect in oxygen transport?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen is released from hemoglobin more readily at low pH.

Question 9

Which structure in a neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting the action potential away from the cell body?

Accepted Answer

Axon

Question 10

Which of the following best explains how ATP is used during muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

ATP provides energy for the myosin head to detach from actin and reset.

Question 11

Which of the following is a key difference between positive and negative feedback loops?

Accepted Answer

Negative feedback loops counteract changes, while positive feedback loops amplify changes.

Question 12

Which of the following is a real-world example of countercurrent heat exchange in animals?

Accepted Answer

The arrangement of blood vessels in the legs of arctic birds.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the function of restriction enzymes in recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for gene insertion.

Question 14

A scientist wants to insert a gene into a plasmid vector. Which enzyme is required to join the gene to the plasmid?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between 1st and 3rd generation biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

1st generation involves traditional breeding and fermentation, while 3rd generation involves advanced genetic engineering and synthetic biology.

Question 16

Which of the following is a direct product of microbial biotechnology with significant impact on public health?

Accepted Answer

Vaccine

Question 17

A person climbs to high altitude and experiences shortness of breath. Which physiological adaptation is most likely to occur after several days?

Accepted Answer

Increase in hemoglobin concentration.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains the role of CRISPR/Cas9 in biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

It enables targeted editing of specific genes within an organism's genome.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about gene therapy is correct?

Accepted Answer

Gene therapy introduces functional genes to correct genetic disorders.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Actin and myosin filaments slide past each other, shortening the sarcomere.

General Biology 1541: Form and Function in Plants and Animals, and Biotechnology (Syllabus 2025 Study Guide)

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