Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water has a high surface tension compared to most other liquids?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules creates cohesive forces at the surface.

Question 2

A solution has a pH of 2. Which of the following statements is correct regarding this solution?

Accepted Answer

It is a strong acid and has a high concentration of $$H^+$$ ions.

Question 3

Which chemical property of carbon allows it to form large, complex molecules essential for life?

Accepted Answer

Its tetravalency, allowing it to form four covalent bonds with other atoms.

Question 4

Which functional group is most likely to act as an acid in a biological molecule?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group ($$-COOH)$$

Question 5

During the formation of a protein, which type of reaction links amino acids together, and what is the specific covalent bond formed?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration reaction; peptide bond

Question 6

Which level of protein structure is primarily stabilized by hydrogen bonds between backbone atoms, and what is a common example of this structure?

Accepted Answer

Secondary structure; beta sheet

Question 7

A mutation causes a protein to misfold, resulting in loss of function. Which cellular process is most likely disrupted, and what is a possible consequence?

Accepted Answer

Protein folding; accumulation of nonfunctional proteins leading to disease

Question 8

Which type of bond is responsible for the primary structure of DNA, and which bond stabilizes the secondary structure (double helix)?

Accepted Answer

Phosphodiester bond for primary; hydrogen bond for secondary

Question 9

Given the DNA sequence 5'-ATCG-3', what is the complementary strand that would complete the double helix?

Accepted Answer

3'-TAGC-5'

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds, causing kinks that prevent tight packing.

Question 11

Which lipid is a major component of cell membranes and spontaneously forms bilayers in water due to its amphipathic nature?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipid

Question 12

How does increasing cholesterol content in a cell membrane affect its fluidity at moderate temperatures?

Accepted Answer

It decreases fluidity by restricting phospholipid movement.

Question 13

Which process requires energy input and moves molecules against their concentration gradient across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 14

Why do ions and polar molecules generally require transport proteins to cross the plasma membrane efficiently?

Accepted Answer

The hydrophobic core of the membrane impedes their passage.

Question 15

Rank the following molecules by their rate of diffusion across a pure phospholipid bilayer (from fastest to slowest): $$O_2$$, $$H_2O$$, $$Na^+$$, glucose.

Accepted Answer

$$O_2$$ \u003e H_2O \u003e glucose \u003e Na^+$$

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct comparison between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.

Question 17

Which organelle is responsible for sorting and packaging proteins for secretion, and what could happen if it becomes non-functional?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus; proteins may not reach their correct destinations

Question 18

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily involved in cell movement and muscle contraction?

Accepted Answer

Actin filaments (microfilaments)

Question 19

Which type of biological molecule is formed by monosaccharide monomers linked by glycosidic bonds?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate

General Biology Core Concepts and Learning Objectives: Study Guide

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