Question 1

Which of the following best describes a scientific theory in biology?

Accepted Answer

A well-supported explanation for a broad set of observations, based on repeated testing and evidence.

Question 2

In an experiment testing the effect of sunlight on plant growth, which variable is the independent variable?

Accepted Answer

The amount of sunlight each plant receives.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT one of Darwin's four postulates of natural selection?

Accepted Answer

All individuals survive and reproduce equally.

Question 4

A population of bacteria is exposed to an antibiotic. After several generations, most bacteria are resistant. Which evolutionary process best explains this change?

Accepted Answer

Natural selection

Question 5

Which equation represents the Hardy-Weinberg Principle for allele frequencies in a population?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 6

Which of the following is a constraint on natural selection?

Accepted Answer

Traits must already exist in the population to be selected.

Question 7

Which process is most likely to increase genetic variation in a population?

Accepted Answer

Mutation

Question 8

A scientist is studying the effect of a new drug on blood pressure. She measures blood pressure before and after treatment in two groups. What type of graph is most appropriate to display the average blood pressure for each group?

Accepted Answer

Bar graph

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between causation and correlation?

Accepted Answer

Correlation means two variables are related, but causation means one variable directly affects the other.

Question 10

Which of the following is an example of homology?

Accepted Answer

The forelimbs of whales, humans, and birds.

Question 11

Which process is most likely to lead to speciation in a population of plants due to chromosome duplication?

Accepted Answer

Polyploidy

Question 12

Which of the following is a monophyletic group?

Accepted Answer

A group containing all birds and their most recent common ancestor.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct interpretation of a p-value in a biological experiment?

Accepted Answer

The probability that the observed results occurred by random chance.

Question 14

Which evolutionary process is random with respect to fitness and can lead to loss of alleles in small populations?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a founder effect?

Accepted Answer

A small group of individuals colonizes a new island, resulting in a population with different allele frequencies than the original population.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the concept of fitness in evolutionary biology?

Accepted Answer

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct application of the Both-And rule in probability?

Accepted Answer

Multiplying the probabilities of two independent events.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct use of the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate genotype frequencies if $$p = 0.6$$ and $$q = 0.4$$?

Accepted Answer

The frequency of heterozygotes is $$2pq = 2 	imes 0.6 	imes 0.4 = 0.48$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a reason why antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a good example of natural selection?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria mutate randomly, and only those with resistance survive and reproduce.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why sexual selection can lead to traits that seem disadvantageous for survival?

Accepted Answer

Sexual selection favors traits that increase mating success, even if they reduce survival.

General Biology Exam 1 Study Guide: Evolution, Genetics, Speciation, and Bioskills

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