Q: A solution has a pH of 4. What is the concentration of hydrogen ions $$[H^+] in $$this solution?

$$[H^+] = 1 \times 10$$^{-4}$$~\mathrm{M}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes an emergent property in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

A property that arises from the arrangement and interaction of parts within a system, such as consciousness emerging from neural networks.

Question 2

Which of the following statements about the flow of energy and cycling of nutrients in an ecosystem is correct?

Accepted Answer

Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction, while nutrients are recycled.

Question 3

A scientist is testing the effect of a new fertilizer on plant growth. She sets up two groups: one receives the fertilizer, and the other does not. Which of the following best describes the group that does NOT receive the fertilizer?

Accepted Answer

Control group

Question 4

Which of the following best distinguishes a theory from a hypothesis in science?

Accepted Answer

A theory is a broad explanation supported by a large body of evidence, while a hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction.

Question 5

Which of the following is the main structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why water is considered a polar molecule?

Accepted Answer

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, resulting in an uneven distribution of charge.

Question 7

A solution has a pH of 4. What is the concentration of hydrogen ions $$[H^+] in $$this solution?

Accepted Answer

$$[H^+] = 1 	imes 10$$^{-4}$$~\mathrm{M}$$

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores and transfers energy for cellular work by releasing a phosphate group.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about dehydration (condensation) and hydrolysis reactions is correct?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration reactions build polymers by removing water, while hydrolysis breaks polymers by adding water.

Question 10

A protein's function is most directly determined by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids in its primary structure

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why cells are typically small in size?

Accepted Answer

A high surface area to volume ratio allows efficient exchange of materials with the environment.

Question 12

Which of the following is the main component of biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids

Question 13

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell. Which type of solution is the cell in?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy of chemical reactions, increasing the reaction rate.

Question 15

Which of the following is a property of water that helps moderate Earth's climate?

Accepted Answer

High specific heat

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of natural selection?

Accepted Answer

Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to the next generation.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

They transmit signals from outside the cell to inside by activating G-proteins, which then trigger downstream effects.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why ice floats on liquid water?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds in ice create a lattice that is less dense than liquid water.

Question 19

A researcher is studying a protein that is denatured by heat. Which level(s) of protein structure are most likely disrupted by this process?

Accepted Answer

Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP to move $$3~\mathrm{Na}^+$$ ions out of the cell and $$2~\mathrm{K}^+$$ ions into the cell against their concentration gradients.

General Biology Exam 1 Study Guide: Foundations, Chemistry, Cells, and Membranes

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