Q: A solution has a pH of 4. What is the concentration of hydrogen ions ($$[H^+]) in $$this solution?

$$[H^+] = 1 \times 10$$^{-4}$$ \ \mathrm{M}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes an emergent property in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

A property that arises only when individual components interact at higher levels of organization.

Question 2

A scientist observes that a certain plant grows faster in blue light than in red light. Which of the following is the best null hypothesis for an experiment testing the effect of light color on plant growth?

Accepted Answer

Light color has no effect on the growth rate of the plant.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about scientific theories is correct?

Accepted Answer

A theory is a well-substantiated explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why carbon is the backbone of biological molecules?

Accepted Answer

Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds, allowing for a diversity of stable structures.

Question 5

A molecule of glucose ($$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$}) is $$joined to a molecule of fructose ($$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$}) to $$form sucrose ($$\mathrm{C$$_{12}$$H_{22}O$$_{11}}$) and water. What type of reaction is this, and what is the general equation for this process?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis; $$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + C_6H_{12}O_6$ \rightarrow C$$_{12}$$H_{22}O$$_{11} + H_2O$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated fatty acid?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

Question 7

A solution has a pH of 4. What is the concentration of hydrogen ions ($$[H^+]) in $$this solution?

Accepted Answer

$$[H^+] = 1 	imes 10$$^{-4}$$ \ \mathrm{M}$$

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why water is an excellent solvent for ionic compounds?

Accepted Answer

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with ions, surrounding and separating them.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a buffer system in the human body, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

The bicarbonate buffer system; maintains blood pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the difference between a cation and an anion?

Accepted Answer

A cation is a positively charged ion formed by losing electrons, while an anion is a negatively charged ion formed by gaining electrons.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about the valence shell of an atom?

Accepted Answer

The valence shell is the outermost electron shell and determines the chemical reactivity of the atom.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a structural isomer?

Accepted Answer

Two molecules with the same molecular formula but different covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Question 14

A researcher is designing an experiment to test the effect of a new fertilizer on plant growth. Which of the following is the best example of a positive control in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

Plants that receive a fertilizer known to increase growth.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the difference between covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons, ionic bonds involve transferring electrons, and hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules.

Question 16

If the pH of a solution changes from 6 to 3, by what factor does the hydrogen ion concentration change?

Accepted Answer

It increases by a factor of 1000.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of phospholipids in biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

They form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward, creating a selective barrier.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct example of a monomer and its corresponding polymer?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid and protein.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why all lipids are hydrophobic?

Accepted Answer

They consist mostly of nonpolar hydrocarbon chains that do not interact with water.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process of hydrolysis in the breakdown of polymers?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis adds a water molecule to break a covalent bond between monomers.

General Biology Exam 1 Study Guide: Step-by-Step Guidance

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