Question 1

Which of the following best explains why cells are generally small rather than large?

Accepted Answer

Smaller cells have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, which allows for more efficient exchange of materials with their environment.

Question 2

A scientist discovers a single-celled organism with DNA, a plasma membrane, and ribosomes, but no membrane-bound organelles. Which of the following is most likely true about this organism?

Accepted Answer

It is a prokaryote because it lacks membrane-bound organelles such as a nucleus.

Question 3

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of energy coupling in cells?

Accepted Answer

The hydrolysis of ATP ($$ \mathrm{ATP} \rightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P_i} ) $$releases energy that is used to drive the synthesis of glucose from smaller molecules.

Question 4

A red blood cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell’s cytoplasm. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to shrink (crenate).

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the main function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They convert the chemical energy stored in glucose into ATP through cellular respiration.

Question 6

A patient’s immune system is attacking their own healthy cells. Which type of membrane protein is most likely malfunctioning, and why?

Accepted Answer

Cell recognition proteins, because they help the immune system distinguish self from non-self.

Question 7

During intense exercise, muscle cells may switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation. What is the main consequence of this switch?

Accepted Answer

Less ATP is produced per glucose molecule, and lactic acid accumulates in the muscles.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why the phospholipid bilayer of cell membranes has hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward?

Accepted Answer

The hydrophilic heads interact with the aqueous environments inside and outside the cell, while the hydrophobic tails avoid water, creating a stable barrier.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct comparison between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by the Calvin cycle to fix carbon dioxide into sugars.

Question 10

A scientist creates an artificial cell membrane but accidentally arranges some phospholipids with their hydrophobic tails facing the aqueous environment. What is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

The membrane will be unstable and may break apart because hydrophobic tails repel water.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of NADH in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

NADH carries high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain, where they are used to generate ATP.

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of feedback inhibition in enzyme regulation?

Accepted Answer

The end product of a metabolic pathway binds to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway, decreasing its activity.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibition?

Accepted Answer

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, while noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a different site on the enzyme.

Question 14

A plant cell is placed in pure water. What will happen to the cell, and why is the response different from that of an animal cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will enter the plant cell by osmosis, but the cell wall prevents it from bursting, unlike an animal cell which may lyse.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains how ATP functions as an energy shuttle in the cell?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores energy in its phosphate bonds and releases it when converted to ADP, providing energy for cellular work.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct statement about the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

The ETC uses electrons from NADH and FADH$$_2 to $$pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a gradient used to produce ATP.

Question 17

A botanist observes that a desert plant opens its stomata only at night. What is the main advantage of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

It reduces water loss by minimizing evaporation during the hot daytime.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the greenhouse effect and its relationship to photosynthesis?

Accepted Answer

The greenhouse effect traps heat in the atmosphere, and photosynthetic organisms help reduce atmospheric CO$$_2 by $$converting it into organic molecules.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many biological reactions?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions, allowing them to occur rapidly at body temperature.

General Biology Exam 2 Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance

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