Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in oppositely charged ions, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Question 2

A solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of $$1 	imes 10$$^{-5}$$ M. What is its pH?

Accepted Answer

$$5$$

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the laws of thermodynamics is correct as applied to biological systems?

Accepted Answer

The total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant, but energy transformations increase the entropy of the universe.

Question 4

During cellular respiration, which stage produces the most ATP?

Accepted Answer

Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)

Question 5

Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Glycolysis → Pyruvate oxidation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 6

In photosynthesis, what are the main products of the light-dependent reactions?

Accepted Answer

ATP and NADPH

Question 7

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle before proceeding?

Accepted Answer

M checkpoint (spindle checkpoint)

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between the leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short fragments.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT required for DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Question 10

Which statement correctly compares mRNA and tRNA?

Accepted Answer

mRNA is involved in transcription, while tRNA is involved in translation.

Question 11

What is the function of splicing during mRNA processing?

Accepted Answer

It removes introns from the mRNA.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Question 13

A mutation in the lac operon causes the repressor protein to be permanently inactive. What is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

The operon will be transcribed continuously, regardless of lactose presence.

Question 14

In a cross between two heterozygous individuals for a single gene (Bb x Bb), what is the expected genotypic ratio among the offspring?

Accepted Answer

1 BB : 2 Bb : 1 bb

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of codominance?

Accepted Answer

A person with type AB blood expresses both A and B antigens equally.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes a karyotype?

Accepted Answer

A visual display of all the chromosomes in a cell, arranged by size and shape

Question 17

If a woman who is a carrier for an X-linked recessive disorder (X$$^NX$^n) $$and a man who does not have the disorder (X$$^NY) $$have a child, what is the probability that their son will have the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$$0.5$$

Question 18

Which process during meiosis increases genetic diversity by exchanging segments between homologous chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Crossing over

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why polygenic inheritance results in a continuous range of phenotypes?

Accepted Answer

Multiple genes contribute additively to the phenotype.

Question 20

Which of the following equations correctly represents Gibbs free energy change?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T \Delta S$$

General Biology Final Exam Study Guide: Key Concepts and Processes

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