Question 1

A woman who is a carrier for the X-linked colorblindness gene (X	extsuperscript{N}X	extsuperscript{n}) has children with a man who is not colorblind (X	extsuperscript{N}Y). What is the probability that their son will be colorblind?

Accepted Answer

$$0.25$$

Question 2

Which chromosomal combination is associated with Klinefelter syndrome?

Accepted Answer

$$XXY$$

Question 3

Griffith’s transformation experiment demonstrated that:

Accepted Answer

A substance from dead bacteria could genetically transform living bacteria.

Question 4

According to Chargaff’s rule, if a DNA sample contains $$30\%$$ adenine, what percentage of guanine does it contain?

Accepted Answer

$$20\%$$

Question 5

Which enzyme is responsible for removing RNA primers and replacing them with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase I

Question 6

What is the main difference between the leading and lagging strands during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$DNA \rightarrow RNA \rightarrow Protein$$

Question 8

A mutation changes the DNA sequence from $$5'	ext{-}ATG\,GCC\,TAA\,3' to$$ $$5'	ext{-}ATG\,GCT\,AA\,3'. $$What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Frameshift mutation

Question 9

Translate the mRNA sequence $$GUA\,UAC\,CCG\,AAC\,ACU\,GAG$$ using the genetic code.

Accepted Answer

Val-Tyr-Pro-Asn-Thr-Glu

Question 10

Which of the following best describes an inducible operon?

Accepted Answer

It is usually off but can be turned on in the presence of a specific molecule.

Question 11

What would happen if the operator region of the lac operon were deleted?

Accepted Answer

The structural genes would be expressed continuously.

Question 12

Why do different cell types in a multicellular organism produce different proteins even though they have the same DNA?

Accepted Answer

Different genes are expressed in different cell types due to gene regulation.

Question 13

What is the function of reverse transcriptase in viruses such as HIV?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes DNA from an RNA template.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why bacteriophages can only infect certain types of cells?

Accepted Answer

They recognize specific receptors on the surface of host cells.

Question 15

What is the main purpose of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) in biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

To amplify specific DNA sequences.

Question 16

Which enzyme is used in PCR and why is it important?

Accepted Answer

Taq polymerase, because it is heat-stable and can withstand high temperatures during PCR cycles.

Question 17

How was Dolly the sheep cloned?

Accepted Answer

By transferring the nucleus from an adult somatic cell into an enucleated egg cell.

Question 18

What is the role of sticky ends in genetic engineering?

Accepted Answer

They allow DNA fragments to be joined together by complementary base pairing.

Question 19

What is CRISPR and how is it used in science?

Accepted Answer

A gene-editing tool that allows precise modification of DNA sequences.

Question 20

What is the function of the TATA box in eukaryotic genes?

Accepted Answer

It serves as a promoter region where transcription factors bind to initiate transcription.

General Biology Final Exam Study Guide – Step-by-Step Guidance

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