Question 1

Which of the following best describes a controlled experiment in biology?

Accepted Answer

An experiment in which all variables are kept constant except the one being tested.

Question 2

A scientist is studying the effect of pH on enzyme activity. She keeps temperature, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration constant, but varies the pH. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

pH

Question 3

Which of the following is a property of water that makes it essential for life?

Accepted Answer

Its ability to form hydrogen bonds, allowing it to act as a universal solvent.

Question 4

Which statement best explains why carbon is central to the molecular diversity of life?

Accepted Answer

Carbon can form four covalent bonds, allowing for a variety of stable and complex molecules.

Question 5

A solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of $$1 	imes 10$$^{-5}$$ M. What is its pH?

Accepted Answer

$$5$$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the process of dehydration synthesis in the formation of macromolecules?

Accepted Answer

Monomers are joined together by removing a molecule of water.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about phospholipids is correct?

Accepted Answer

They have both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form bilayers in water.

Question 8

A cell is placed in a solution and water moves into the cell, causing it to swell. What type of solution is the cell in?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 9

Which of the following best explains the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 10

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the production of ATP in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 11

A scientist observes that a certain molecule can cross the cell membrane without the use of energy, but only moves down its concentration gradient. What type of transport is this?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of internal receptors in cell signaling?

Accepted Answer

They bind to signaling molecules that can pass through the cell membrane and directly affect gene expression.

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-world example of active transport in human cells?

Accepted Answer

The sodium-potassium pump moving $$\mathrm{Na^+}$$ out of and $$\mathrm{K^+}$$ into nerve cells against their concentration gradients.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered to have an endosymbiotic origin?

Accepted Answer

They contain their own DNA and ribosomes, similar to prokaryotes.

Question 15

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Water will leave the cells, causing them to shrink (crenate).

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane is correct?

Accepted Answer

The membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded throughout, allowing lateral movement.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the relationship between polymerization and hydrolysis in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Polymerization builds macromolecules by removing water, while hydrolysis breaks them down by adding water.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

Transporting molecules across the membrane, acting as receptors, and providing structural support.

Question 19

A cell maintains a high concentration of potassium ions ($$\mathrm{K^+}) $$inside and a high concentration of sodium ions ($$\mathrm{Na^+}) $$outside. Which process is responsible for maintaining this gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport using the sodium-potassium pump

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why water moves from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration during osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Water moves to balance the concentration of solutes on both sides of the membrane.

General Biology: Foundations, Chemistry of Life, Cell Structure, and Membrane Transport

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