Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the cell theory?

Accepted Answer

All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with no membrane-bound organelles and a circular DNA molecule. Which type of cell is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell

Question 3

Which of the following is a key ecological role of prokaryotes in the biosphere?

Accepted Answer

Decomposition and nutrient cycling

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why eukaryotic cells can be larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles that compartmentalize functions.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of prokaryotes in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Causing all infectious diseases

Question 6

A plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will leave the cell, causing the cell membrane to pull away from the cell wall (plasmolysis).

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Question 8

Which property of carbon allows it to form a wide variety of organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

It can form four covalent bonds with other atoms.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains the importance of hydrogen bonds in water for cellular processes?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds give water its high specific heat, allowing cells to maintain stable temperatures.

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule with its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Protein – amino acid

Question 11

A patient is unable to digest lactose due to a deficiency in the enzyme lactase. Which property of enzymes does this scenario best illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes are specific to their substrates.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the secondary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

Regular folding patterns such as alpha helices and beta sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Question 13

Which type of bond is primarily responsible for the formation of the backbone of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Phosphodiester bond

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are essential for life?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions, allowing them to occur at body temperature.

Question 15

A cell is placed in an isotonic solution. What will happen to the cell's volume?

Accepted Answer

It will remain the same because there is no net movement of water.

Question 16

Which of the following is a major difference between archaea and bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Archaea have unique membrane lipids not found in bacteria.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of prokaryotes in the Tree of Life?

Accepted Answer

They represent two of the three major domains: Bacteria and Archaea.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of a covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a class of macromolecule found in cells?

Accepted Answer

Vitamins

Question 20

A mutation causes a change in the primary structure of a protein. Which level(s) of protein structure could be affected as a result?

Accepted Answer

All levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

General Biology Study Notes: Cells and Macromolecules (lecture 1+2+3)

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