Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main achievement and legacy of the Human Genome Project?

Accepted Answer

It determined the order of base pairs in the human genome and drove development of much faster, cheaper sequencing techniques.

Question 2

Which field uses computer software to analyze large biological data sets, such as DNA sequences?

Accepted Answer

Bioinformatics

Question 3

Why doesn't a larger genome size necessarily mean an organism has more genes?

Accepted Answer

A larger genome may simply contain more noncoding DNA between genes rather than more genes themselves.

Question 4

Which of the following best defines proteomics?

Accepted Answer

The composition, abundance, chemical structure, and interactions of proteins.

Question 5

A pseudogene is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A former gene that has accumulated so many mutations that it is no longer functional.

Question 6

How do retrotransposons (Class I transposable elements) differ from DNA transposons (Class II)?

Accepted Answer

Retrotransposons move via an RNA intermediate, making a new copy while the original stays in place ('copy-paste'); DNA transposons move directly as DNA, cutting and reinserting elsewhere ('cut-paste').

Question 7

Short tandem repeats (STRs) are useful for forensic identification because:

Accepted Answer

STR repeat numbers vary between individuals, and the odds of two unrelated people sharing the same STR pattern at multiple sites is very low.

Question 8

A multigene family made of identical genes clustered together, like the rRNA gene family, is kept uniform across copies primarily through:

Accepted Answer

Molecular drive, a homogenizing process that spreads a mutation from one family member to the others within a species.

Question 9

After a gene segment is duplicated, what are the possible evolutionary outcomes for the two resulting copies?

Accepted Answer

The copies can specialize by splitting original functions, one copy can evolve an entirely new function, or one copy can degrade/be lost.

Question 10

Comparing the genomes of very distantly related species (e.g., human vs. fish) typically reveals:

Accepted Answer

Distant comparisons reveal ancient, deeply conserved genes essential to basic biology; close comparisons highlight the smaller number of differences responsible for what makes each species unique.

Question 11

The field of evo-devo (evolutionary developmental biology) primarily studies:

Accepted Answer

How evolution (genetic variation and selection) and development (the shared rules that build an organism from a single cell) work together to explain how organisms adapt.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why the likelihood of two unrelated people having the same STR pattern at multiple sites is very low?

Accepted Answer

STR repeat numbers vary greatly between individuals, and multiple sites are analyzed for identification.

Question 13

Which process is responsible for the movement of a DNA segment from one chromosome to another, sometimes creating new gene combinations?

Accepted Answer

Transposable elements

Question 14

Which of the following statements about Hox genes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Duplications and evolution of Hox genes have led to more complex, regionalized body structures in animals.

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of an emergent property studied in systems biology?

Accepted Answer

A heartbeat generated by millions of heart cells working together.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of viral DNA segments (such as HERVs) in the human genome?

Accepted Answer

They are remnants of ancient viral infections that became part of our genome and can sometimes influence gene function.

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world application of metagenomics?

Accepted Answer

Analyzing all the DNA present in a soil or water sample to identify the microbial community.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why humans and chimpanzees have similar embryonic development in early stages?

Accepted Answer

They share a recent common ancestor, so their developmental genes are highly conserved.

Question 19

Which of the following is a possible evolutionary outcome after a gene duplication event?

Accepted Answer

One copy can evolve a new function, or one copy can become nonfunctional.

Genomes and Their Evolution: Study Notes

스터디 가이드 - 연습 문제

학습 가이드 - 플래시카드