Question 1

Which of the following best describes exponential population growth?

Accepted Answer

Population increases by a constant proportion ($$N_{t+1} = N_t 	imes r) $$each time period, resulting in a J-shaped curve.

Question 2

A population of beetles in a forest is observed to grow rapidly at first, but then the growth rate slows and the population size stabilizes. Which model best explains this pattern?

Accepted Answer

Logistic growth model ($$N_{t+1} = N_t + rN_t(1 - \frac{N_t}{K}))$$

Question 3

Which factor is NOT directly included in the basic population growth equation $$N_{t+1} = N_t + B + I - D - E$$?

Accepted Answer

Carrying capacity (K)

Question 4

What is the primary consequence when a population overshoots its carrying capacity ($$K$$)?

Accepted Answer

The population experiences a crash, often followed by oscillations around $$K.$$

Question 5

Which of the following is a direct effect of urban sprawl on biodiversity?

Accepted Answer

Loss of cropland, forest, and wildlife habitat

Question 6

The IPATS model ($$I = P 	imes A 	imes T 	imes S) is $$used to estimate:

Accepted Answer

The environmental impact of human activities

Question 7

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of 'fishing down the food web'?

Accepted Answer

Overharvesting top predators, then shifting to catch smaller, lower-trophic-level species as larger fish become depleted.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of the urban heat island phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Lower air pollution levels in cities

Question 9

A city experiences frequent flooding and contaminated drinking water. Which urban ecological issue is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Increased impervious surfaces and poor natural sewage treatment

Question 10

Which population distribution pattern is most likely to occur in environments where resources are unevenly distributed?

Accepted Answer

Clumped dispersion

Question 11

If a population pyramid shows a wide base and a narrow top, what does this indicate about the population?

Accepted Answer

The population has a high birth rate and is likely to grow rapidly.

Question 12

Which of the following is a major threat to marine populations, as discussed in the context of fisheries?

Accepted Answer

Overharvesting and overexploitation

Question 13

Which of the following best describes an invasive species?

Accepted Answer

A non-native species that spreads widely and disrupts native ecosystems.

Question 14

Which stage of the demographic transition is characterized by declining death rates due to improved food production and medical care, but birth rates remain high?

Accepted Answer

Transitional stage

Question 15

A city is experiencing increased light pollution. Which ecological consequence is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Disruption of animal behavior and ecosystem functions

Question 16

Which formula would you use to estimate the environmental impact of a population, according to the IPATS model?

Accepted Answer

$$I = P 	imes A 	imes T 	imes S$$

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of habitat fragmentation?

Accepted Answer

Conversion of a large forest into several small, isolated patches due to road construction.

Question 18

If a population has a growth rate ($$r) of 2$$% per year and a current size ($$N) of 1$$,000 individuals, what will the population size be after one year under exponential growth?

Accepted Answer

$$N_{t+1} = 1,000 + 20 = 1,020$$

Question 19

Which of the following is a likely economic consequence of overharvesting non-native forest insects in the United States?

Accepted Answer

Economic damage to federal, local governments, homeowners, and forest owners

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of urbanization on the environment?

Accepted Answer

Decreased traffic congestion and improved water quality

Human Population Growth & Urban Ecology: Study Notes

스터디 가이드 - 연습 문제

학습 가이드 - 플래시카드