Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary focus of genetics as a scientific discipline?

Accepted Answer

The study of heredity and hereditary variation, including inherited similarities and differences.

Question 2

Why is sexual reproduction considered nearly universal among animals despite its energetic costs?

Accepted Answer

It generates new combinations of alleles from one generation to the next, increasing genetic diversity.

Question 3

A researcher is studying a population of kiwi birds and finds that mitochondrial DNA sequencing reveals three distinct genetic groups. What is the most likely explanation for this observation?

Accepted Answer

There are cryptic species within the population that were previously classified as one species.

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a trinucleotide repeat disorder discussed in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Huntington's disease

Question 5

In a pedigree analysis, a lethal dominant allele is traced through several generations. Which pattern would you expect to see?

Accepted Answer

The allele appears in every generation and affected individuals have at least one affected parent.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains the concept of 'apparent competition' as observed in the predator-prey dynamics in Alaska?

Accepted Answer

A negative indirect interaction between prey species due to a shared predator.

Question 7

A population of wolves in Alaska shifts its diet from deer to otters after deer populations decline. What genetic tool could be used to confirm this dietary shift?

Accepted Answer

DNA metabarcoding of wolf scats

Question 8

Which of the following is a practical application of genetics in modern society?

Accepted Answer

DNA fingerprinting for forensic analysis

Question 9

Hybridisation between the New Zealand endemic kakī (black stilt) and the self-introduced poaka (pied stilt) poses what kind of risk to kakī populations?

Accepted Answer

Relatively low extinction risk, as hybridisation occurs without significant introgression

Question 10

Which of the following equations best represents the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a gene with two alleles, $$A$$ and $$a$$, with frequencies $$p$$ and $$q$$?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 11

Which of the following statements about genetic diversity is supported by scientific evidence?

Accepted Answer

Genetic diversity makes populations more adaptable and resilient to environmental changes.

Question 12

A scientist uses Sanger sequencing to analyze mitochondrial DNA in kiwi populations. What is the main advantage of using mitochondrial DNA for this analysis?

Accepted Answer

It mutates rapidly, allowing for the detection of recent evolutionary events.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of genetics in conservation biology?

Accepted Answer

Genetics helps assess genetic diversity, identify hybridisation, and inform management strategies for endangered species.

Question 14

In the context of albatross mating systems, what did genetic analysis reveal about their reproductive behavior?

Accepted Answer

Genetic analysis revealed the presence of extra-pair paternity, challenging the idea of strict monogamy.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of bioremediation using genetics?

Accepted Answer

Using Deinococcus radiodurans to clean up radioactive waste sites

Question 16

A faulty DNA repair enzyme leads to the expansion of CAG repeats in a gene. What is the likely consequence of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Production of a faulty protein, as seen in Huntington's disease

Question 17

Which of the following best illustrates the importance of genetics to humans?

Accepted Answer

Genetics is central to understanding inherited diseases, forensic identification, and agricultural improvements.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a direct application of genetics in modern biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Mapping ocean currents

Question 19

A population of birds is found to have very low genetic diversity. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Higher risk of extinction due to inability to adapt to new threats

Introduction to Genetics: Principles, Applications, and Connections to Evolution, Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation

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