Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between the scientific use of the word 'theory' and its everyday use?

Accepted Answer

In science, a theory is a broad explanation supported by evidence, while in everyday use it is often an untested guess.

Question 2

Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum can humans detect with their eyes?

Accepted Answer

Visible light, with wavelengths approximately between $$400\ \mathrm{nm}$$ and $$710\ \mathrm{nm}.$$

Question 3

What is the role of opsin proteins in colour vision?

Accepted Answer

Opsin proteins allow cone cells to absorb light of specific wavelengths, enabling colour discrimination.

Question 4

Which statement best explains why trichromatic vision allows humans to perceive a wider range of colours than dichromatic vision?

Accepted Answer

Trichromatic vision involves three different opsins sensitive to short, medium, and long wavelengths, increasing colour discrimination.

Question 5

Which of the following is a fundamental characteristic shared by all living organisms?

Accepted Answer

All organisms are made up of cells.

Question 6

According to the cell theory, which statement is correct?

Accepted Answer

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Question 7

A photon is absorbed by a photoreceptor pigment in the retina. What is the immediate molecular consequence?

Accepted Answer

A conformational change occurs in the pigment molecule.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of evolution by natural selection?

Accepted Answer

Individuals with certain heritable traits produce more offspring than those without those traits.

Question 9

Which statement about phylogenetic trees is correct?

Accepted Answer

Phylogenetic trees show evolutionary relationships and common ancestry among species.

Question 10

If a person lacks the opsin protein sensitive to medium wavelengths, which colour vision deficiency will they most likely experience?

Accepted Answer

Difficulty distinguishing green colours (deuteranopia).

Question 11

Which equation correctly relates the energy of a photon to its wavelength?

Accepted Answer

$$E = \frac{hc}{\lambda}$$

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a unifying concept of biology?

Accepted Answer

All organisms are multicellular.

Question 13

A scientist discovers a new organism that is unicellular and lacks a nucleus. Based on phylogeny, to which domain does this organism most likely belong?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the unity and diversity of life?

Accepted Answer

All organisms share a common ancestry but have evolved different traits through natural selection.

Question 15

Which cell type in the retina is responsible for colour vision?

Accepted Answer

Cone cells

Question 16

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of descent from a common ancestor?

Accepted Answer

Humans and chimpanzees share similar DNA sequences due to shared ancestry.

Question 17

Which of the following is a plausible consequence if the cell theory were proven false?

Accepted Answer

The origin and replication of life would need to be explained by a new mechanism.

Question 18

A person with only SWS and LWS opsins in their retina will have which type of vision?

Accepted Answer

Dichromatic vision

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the relationship between wavelength and energy in visible light?

Accepted Answer

Shorter wavelengths correspond to higher energy photons.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world application of understanding photoreceptor conformational change?

Accepted Answer

Designing treatments for colour blindness by targeting opsin proteins.

Light, Vision, and Fundamental Concepts in Biology

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