Question 1

Which process is illustrated in the first image, and what is the main chemical reaction involved?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis; water is removed to form peptide bonds between amino acids.

Question 2

In the second image, what is the role of the enzyme in the reaction sequence shown?

Accepted Answer

The enzyme lowers the activation energy, allowing the reaction to proceed faster.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between the molecules shown in the third image?

Accepted Answer

They are nucleotides that differ in their nitrogenous bases.

Question 4

Based on the fourth image, which statement about DNA structure is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA consists of two antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.

Question 5

What is the main structural difference between the molecules shown in the fifth image (DNA vs. RNA)?

Accepted Answer

DNA is double-stranded with deoxyribose sugar, while RNA is single-stranded with ribose sugar.

Question 6

Referencing the sixth image, what is the primary function of ATP in cells?

Accepted Answer

ATP acts as a universal energy currency, releasing energy when its terminal phosphate bond is hydrolyzed.

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why humans cannot digest cellulose, as mentioned in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Humans lack the enzyme required to break the specific glycosidic bonds in cellulose.

Question 8

Which chemical reaction is responsible for the breakdown of ATP to release energy, as shown in the sixth image?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 9

A mutation causes a change in the DNA sequence from ATG to ATA. What is the most direct effect of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

It changes the sequence of amino acids in the resulting protein.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains the instructions for making RNA, which then directs protein synthesis.

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct base pairing in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Cytosine pairs with guanine

Question 12

What is the main difference between essential and non-essential amino acids in humans?

Accepted Answer

Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the bonds that hold the two strands of DNA together?

Accepted Answer

Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases

Question 14

If a cell needs to synthesize a protein, which sequence of events must occur?

Accepted Answer

RNA is transcribed from DNA, then translated into protein.

Question 15

Which of the following is true about the energy stored in ATP?

Accepted Answer

It is stored in the bonds between the phosphate groups.

Question 16

A scientist isolates a molecule with a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and uracil as a base. What type of molecule is this?

Accepted Answer

An RNA nucleotide

Question 17

Which process is responsible for joining amino acids together to form a polypeptide?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are specific to their substrates?

Accepted Answer

Enzymes have active sites with shapes complementary to their substrates.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Storage of genetic information

Question 20

Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of ATP?

Accepted Answer

$$ \mathrm{ATP} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} ightarrow \mathrm{ADP} + \mathrm{P}_i + 	ext{energy} $$

Macromolecules: Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and ATP

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