Q: In a population, the frequency of allele A is 0.7 and the frequency of allele a is 0.3. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes (Aa)?

$$2pq = 2 \times 0.7 \times 0.3 = 0.42$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

Accepted Answer

Homologous structures share a common ancestry and similar structure, while analogous structures have similar function and appearance but evolved independently.

Question 2

A population of 100 individuals has 75 blue beads (F allele) and 25 orange beads (f allele). What is the frequency of the f allele in this population?

Accepted Answer

$$f = \frac{25}{100} = 0.25$$

Question 3

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates genetic drift?

Accepted Answer

A hurricane wipes out most of a small island population, leaving only a few survivors whose allele frequencies differ from the original population.

Question 4

Which condition is NOT required for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Individuals mate randomly within the population.

Question 5

If two heterozygous individuals (Ff) mate, what is the probability that their child will be affected by a recessive genetic disorder (ff)?

Accepted Answer

$$P(ff) = \frac{1}{4}$$

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

The wings of bats and the wings of insects, which serve similar functions but evolved independently.

Question 7

Which mechanism of evolution is most likely to reduce genetic variation between two populations over time?

Accepted Answer

Gene flow (migration)

Question 8

A population of whooping cranes was reduced to 16 individuals due to a natural disaster. Which evolutionary mechanism is most likely responsible for the change in allele frequencies in the surviving population?

Accepted Answer

Genetic drift (population bottleneck)

Question 9

Which of the following statements about allele frequencies is correct?

Accepted Answer

The sum of all allele frequencies in a population always equals 1 (or 100%).

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a source of evidence for evolution?

Accepted Answer

Random mating in a population

Question 11

In a population, the frequency of allele A is 0.7 and the frequency of allele a is 0.3. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes (Aa)?

Accepted Answer

$$2pq = 2 	imes 0.7 	imes 0.3 = 0.42$$

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why the frequency of a recessive allele (f) might not decrease over time, even if it causes a harmful phenotype when homozygous?

Accepted Answer

The allele can be carried by heterozygotes (Ff) who do not express the harmful phenotype.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of sexual selection?

Accepted Answer

Male peacocks evolving elaborate tail feathers to attract females.

Question 14

Which of the following would violate the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

Individuals preferentially mate with close relatives.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes macroevolution?

Accepted Answer

Processes that give rise to new species and taxonomic groups with widely divergent characteristics.

Question 16

Which of the following is a real-world example of natural selection?

Accepted Answer

The increase in frequency of dark-colored peppered moths in polluted areas during the Industrial Revolution.

Question 17

Which of the following would most likely increase genetic variation within a population?

Accepted Answer

Mutation introducing new alleles.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the founder effect?

Accepted Answer

A small group of individuals starts a new population, and the allele frequencies differ from the original population.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of evolution?

Accepted Answer

Random mating

Question 20

A scientist finds that two unrelated species of animals living in the Arctic both have white fur. What is the most likely explanation for this similarity?

Accepted Answer

Convergent evolution due to similar selective pressures in the snowy environment.

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