Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and lack an outer membrane, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and possess an outer membrane.

Question 2

A patient develops a severe fever and shock after a bacterial infection. The bacteria are found to release toxins only when the cells die and break apart. Which type of toxin is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Endotoxin

Question 3

Which structural component is present in all prokaryotic cells and is essential for maintaining cell shape and preventing lysis in hypotonic environments?

Accepted Answer

Cell wall

Question 4

Biofilms are medically significant because:

Accepted Answer

They protect bacteria from antibiotics and the immune system, making infections harder to treat.

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the process of autotrophic nutrition in prokaryotes, such as cyanobacteria?

Accepted Answer

$$6\ \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6\ \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6\ \mathrm{O}_2$$

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the nutritional mode of a heterotrophic prokaryote?

Accepted Answer

Obtains organic molecules by consuming other organisms or their byproducts.

Question 7

Proteobacteria are a diverse group of bacteria. Which of the following is a well-known member of this group that is important in human health?

Accepted Answer

Escherichia coli

Question 8

Helicobacter pylori is associated with which of the following effects in the human digestive system?

Accepted Answer

Decreased ghrelin output, which can affect appetite regulation.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about extremophiles is correct?

Accepted Answer

Halophiles thrive in environments with high salt concentrations, while thermophiles thrive in environments with high temperatures.

Question 10

A scientist discovers a microorganism living in a hot spring at 90°C. Which group does this organism most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Thermophilic Archaea

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a structural component found in all prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the SAR supergroup of eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

It includes Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians, which are diverse protists.

Question 13

Which supergroup of eukaryotes includes plants and green algae?

Accepted Answer

Archaeplastida

Question 14

A protist that engulfs bacteria for nutrition is best described as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Heterotroph

Question 15

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 16

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the application of biofilm formation in a real-world context?

Accepted Answer

Dental plaque forming on teeth, leading to cavities.

Question 17

Which of the following equations represents the aerobic respiration process used by many heterotrophic prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C}_6\mathrm{H}_{12}\mathrm{O}_6 + 6\ \mathrm{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\ \mathrm{CO}_2 + 6\ \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}$$

Question 18

Which of the following is true about the Unikonta supergroup?

Accepted Answer

It includes animals, fungi, and some protists.

Question 19

A researcher is studying a protist that moves using a flagellum and obtains nutrients by absorbing organic molecules. To which supergroup does this protist most likely belong?

Accepted Answer

Excavata

Question 20

Which of the following statements about endotoxins and exotoxins is correct?

Accepted Answer

Exotoxins are secreted by living bacteria, while endotoxins are released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down.

Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists (Chapter 16) – Study Notes

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