Question 1

Which experiment provided the first strong evidence that DNA, and not protein, is the genetic material responsible for heredity in cells?

Accepted Answer

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase's experiment using bacteriophages labeled with radioactive isotopes

Question 2

Given the DNA sequence 5'-ATGCCGTA-3', what is the complementary DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

3'-TACGGCAT-5'

Question 3

Which of the following best describes 'semi-conservative replication' of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule consists of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand

Question 4

During transcription, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 5

A mutation changes the DNA sequence from 5'-ATG GAA TGA-3' to 5'-ATG GAA TGG-3'. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Missense mutation

Question 6

Which of the following statements about viruses is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Most animal viruses contain RNA as their genetic material

Question 7

Which process involves the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells via a pilus?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation

Question 8

If a eukaryotic gene is highly methylated, what is the likely effect on its expression?

Accepted Answer

Gene expression is decreased

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why skin cells and fat cells in your body look different, even though they contain the same DNA?

Accepted Answer

They express different sets of genes due to differentiation

Question 10

What is the function of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

To join DNA fragments together by forming phosphodiester bonds

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct description of a plasmid?

Accepted Answer

A small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria that can replicate independently of the chromosome

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of restriction enzymes in gene cloning?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific sequences, creating sticky or blunt ends

Question 13

A scientist wants to amplify a specific DNA sequence from a small blood sample. Which technique should they use?

Accepted Answer

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 14

In gel electrophoresis, where do the smallest DNA fragments migrate?

Accepted Answer

They move farthest from the wells toward the positive electrode

Question 15

Which of the following is a function unique to mammalian cells in the production of gene products, compared to bacteria and yeast?

Accepted Answer

Ability to perform complex post-translational modifications such as glycosylation

Question 16

Which of the following statements about the human genome is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Transposable elements are common in the human genome

Question 17

Which of the following best describes a retrovirus?

Accepted Answer

A virus that uses reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from its RNA genome

Question 18

Which of the following is the most important control point for gene expression in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Transcription initiation

Question 19

Which of the following substances is known to cause more cases and types of cancer than any other?

Accepted Answer

Tobacco

Question 20

A patient inherits a mutated p53 gene from one parent. What is the likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of developing cancer due to loss of tumor-suppressor function

Molecular Biology, Gene Expression, and Biotechnology: Study Guide (Chapters 10–12)

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