Q: Cellulose and starch are both polymers of glucose. What structural difference between them accounts for their different properties?

Cellulose has $$eta-1$$,4 glycosidic linkages, while starch has $$oldsymbol{ ext{α}}-1$$,4 glycosidic linkages.

Q: Which of the following best explains why cellulose is indigestible to most animals?

Cellulose is composed of $$eta-$$glucose monomers linked by $$eta-1$$,4 glycosidic bonds, which most animals lack enzymes to hydrolyze.

Question 1

Which of the following correctly matches a biological polymer with its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acid — Nucleotide

Question 2

Which type of bond is formed during the condensation (dehydration synthesis) reaction that links two monosaccharides?

Accepted Answer

Glycosidic linkage

Question 3

Cellulose and starch are both polymers of glucose. What structural difference between them accounts for their different properties?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose has $$eta-1$$,4 glycosidic linkages, while starch has $$oldsymbol{	ext{α}}-1$$,4 glycosidic linkages.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about saturated and unsaturated fatty acids is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated fatty acids have kinks in their structure due to double bonds.

Question 5

A mutation changes a single amino acid in the primary structure of hemoglobin, resulting in sickle-cell disease. Which level of protein structure is directly affected first by this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why cellulose is indigestible to most animals?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose is composed of $$eta-$$glucose monomers linked by $$eta-1$$,4 glycosidic bonds, which most animals lack enzymes to hydrolyze.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of phospholipids in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

Forming waterproof barriers in cell membranes due to their amphipathic nature

Question 8

Which of the following correctly describes the backbone of a DNA molecule?

Accepted Answer

It consists of a sugar-phosphate backbone formed by phosphodiester bonds.

Question 9

A protein's tertiary structure is primarily stabilized by which of the following interactions?

Accepted Answer

Interactions among side chains (R groups), including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Storing hereditary information

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the fluid mosaic model of biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

Membranes are fluid structures with a mosaic of various proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer of phospholipids.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the flow of genetic information in a cell?

Accepted Answer

DNA $$ightarrow$$ RNA $$ightarrow$$ Protein

Question 13

Which of the following is TRUE about the structure of RNA compared to DNA?

Accepted Answer

RNA is usually single-stranded and contains uracil instead of thymine.

Question 14

Which of the following is a real-world consequence of protein misfolding?

Accepted Answer

Diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why fats store more energy per gram than carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

Fats have more C-H bonds, which release more energy upon oxidation.

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of a peptide bond?

Accepted Answer

A covalent bond formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of chitin in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Strengthening exoskeletons in arthropods and cell walls in fungi

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct formula for a typical monosaccharide?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$

Question 19

Which of the following is TRUE about the quaternary structure of proteins?

Accepted Answer

It involves the association of multiple polypeptide subunits.

Question 20

Which of the following is a direct result of the amphipathic nature of phospholipids in water?

Accepted Answer

Formation of a bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads facing outward

Monomers, Polymers, and Macromolecules: Foundations of Cellular Structure and Function

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