Question 1

Which of the following best describes a monophyletic clade in a phylogenetic tree?

Accepted Answer

A group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Question 2

A researcher is comparing two species that share a similar trait, but genetic analysis shows they do not share a recent common ancestor for this trait. What is the most likely explanation for this similarity?

Accepted Answer

Convergent evolution resulting in homoplasy.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by all living cells (excluding viruses)?

Accepted Answer

Have a nucleus

Question 4

In constructing a phylogenetic tree, which principle is used to select the best hypothesis among several possible trees?

Accepted Answer

The tree that requires the fewest evolutionary changes (parsimony).

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the human gut microbiome is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It plays a critical role in digestion, immune function, and protection against pathogens.

Question 6

A scientist finds a single-celled organism with a cell wall that lacks peptidoglycan, circular chromosomes, and histone-like proteins associated with DNA. To which domain does this organism most likely belong?

Accepted Answer

Archaea

Question 7

Which of the following is a common mistake when interpreting phylogenetic trees?

Accepted Answer

Assuming that the order of species at the tips reflects evolutionary progress.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between homology and homoplasy?

Accepted Answer

Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry; homoplasy is similarity due to convergent evolution.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the human microbiome?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of peptidoglycan in human cells

Question 10

A newly discovered microorganism is unicellular, lacks a nucleus, and has a cell wall made of peptidoglycan. To which domain does it most likely belong?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why taxonomy is challenging when classifying prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Frequent horizontal gene transfer and hybridization events obscure evolutionary relationships.

Question 12

Which of the following is a derived trait (apomorphy) in a phylogenetic analysis?

Accepted Answer

A trait that evolved later and is present in some descendants but not in the common ancestor.

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-world application of phylogenetic trees?

Accepted Answer

Tracking the spread of pathogens during an outbreak.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about prokaryotes is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They can obtain energy through photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, or decomposition.

Question 15

A student is analyzing a character matrix for several species. Which type of data could be used to construct a phylogenetic tree?

Accepted Answer

Morphological traits, behavioral traits, and molecular sequences

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the three-domain system of classification?

Accepted Answer

It recognizes Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota as the highest taxonomic domains.

Question 17

Which of the following is a plausible reason why individuals in industrialized societies tend to have less diverse gut microbiomes?

Accepted Answer

Dietary changes and increased use of antibiotics reduce microbial diversity.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for defining a species in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 19

A scientist is comparing two phylogenetic trees constructed from morphological and molecular data. What is the best approach to increase the accuracy of the evolutionary hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Combine data from both sources and compare the results for consistency.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of an outgroup in phylogenetic analysis?

Accepted Answer

It helps determine which traits are ancestral versus derived.

Phylogeny, Microbial Diversity, and the Tree of Life

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