Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the root cap in eudicot roots?

Accepted Answer

It protects the root apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil.

Question 2

A botanist is examining a cross section of a root and observes a 'star-shaped' arrangement of xylem with phloem between the arms. Which type of plant root is she most likely observing?

Accepted Answer

Eudicot (dicot) root

Question 3

Which of the following statements about secondary growth in woody plants is correct?

Accepted Answer

Secondary growth increases the diameter of stems and roots through the activity of lateral meristems.

Question 4

A tree is ring-barked (a complete ring of bark is removed from around the trunk). What is the most immediate physiological consequence for the tree?

Accepted Answer

The tree cannot transport sugars from leaves to roots, leading to root starvation.

Question 5

Which tissue is responsible for the majority of water and mineral transport in a mature woody stem?

Accepted Answer

Sapwood (outer layers of secondary xylem)

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why monocot stems do not undergo significant secondary growth?

Accepted Answer

Monocots lack lateral meristems such as vascular cambium and cork cambium.

Question 7

A plant scientist is studying the process by which cells with identical genetic information become specialized for different functions. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Cell differentiation

Question 8

Which of the following is a correct sequence of zones in a growing root, starting from the tip?

Accepted Answer

Zone of cell division → Zone of elongation → Zone of maturation

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of vascular bundles in a typical eudicot stem?

Accepted Answer

Arranged in a ring around the periphery of the ground tissue

Question 10

A researcher is using CRISPR/Cas9 to edit the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. What is the primary function of the Cas9 protein in this process?

Accepted Answer

It precisely cuts DNA at targeted locations.

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the pericycle in roots?

Accepted Answer

It gives rise to lateral roots through cell division.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about heartwood and sapwood is correct?

Accepted Answer

Sapwood is the newest, outer layers of secondary xylem that conduct water and minerals.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why the size of annual growth rings in wood can vary from year to year?

Accepted Answer

Environmental conditions such as water availability and temperature affect the rate of secondary growth.

Question 14

Which of the following tissues is responsible for the majority of photosynthesis in a leaf?

Accepted Answer

Palisade mesophyll

Question 15

A mutation prevents the formation of guard cells in a plant. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Gas exchange through stomata

Question 16

Which of the following equations correctly represents the process of mitosis in terms of chromosome number conservation?

Accepted Answer

$$2n \rightarrow 2n + 2n$$

Question 17

Which of the following is a key difference between primary and secondary growth in plants?

Accepted Answer

Primary growth is due to apical meristems, while secondary growth is due to lateral meristems.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of vascular rays in woody stems?

Accepted Answer

They transport water and nutrients radially between secondary xylem and phloem.

Question 19

A student observes that the cortex in a root is primarily composed of which type of cell, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Parenchyma cells; transporting water and minerals to the vascular tissue

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why root hairs are critical for plant survival, especially in nutrient-poor soils?

Accepted Answer

They increase the surface area for water and mineral absorption.

Plant Growth and Development: Meristems, Primary and Secondary Growth, and Plant Anatomy

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