Question 1

Which of the following best describes an essential nutrient for plants?

Accepted Answer

A nutrient that is required for a plant to complete its life cycle and cannot be synthesized by the plant itself.

Question 2

Which of the following elements is directly required for the synthesis of nucleic acids in plants?

Accepted Answer

Phosphorus (P)

Question 3

Root hairs are advantageous to plants primarily because they:

Accepted Answer

Increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals.

Question 4

In the context of plant nutrient uptake, why are protons ($$\mathrm{H}^+) $$actively pumped out of root cells?

Accepted Answer

To create an electrochemical gradient that facilitates the passive entry of cations and the cotransport of anions.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why anions (such as nitrate, $$\mathrm{NO}_3^-) $$require a cotransporter to enter root cells, while cations (such as potassium, $$\mathrm{K}^+) $$can enter passively?

Accepted Answer

The inside of the root cell is negatively charged, attracting cations but repelling anions, so anions need to be transported with protons.

Question 6

Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. What is the primary benefit that plants receive from this association?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced uptake of phosphorus and other minerals from the soil.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a main mechanism by which plants exclude toxic ions from their cells?

Accepted Answer

Active pumping of ions into the xylem for long-distance transport.

Question 8

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide which essential nutrient to plants, and where are these bacteria typically found?

Accepted Answer

Ammonium ($$\mathrm{NH}_4^+) or $$nitrate ($$\mathrm{NO}_3^-$$); in root nodules.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the two main components of water potential ($$\Psi) in $$plants?

Accepted Answer

Solute potential ($$\Psi_s) $$and pressure potential ($$\Psi_p)$$

Question 10

A plant cell is placed in a solution with a higher water potential than the cell's interior. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will enter the cell, causing it to become turgid.

Question 11

According to the cohesion-tension theory, what is the primary force that pulls water upward through the xylem from roots to leaves?

Accepted Answer

Transpiration at the leaf surface creating negative pressure

Question 12

Why is water transport in plants described as 'solar powered'?

Accepted Answer

Sunlight drives evaporation of water from leaves, creating the pull for water movement.

Question 13

Which adaptation helps plants reduce water loss while still allowing for gas exchange?

Accepted Answer

Stomata that open and close in response to environmental conditions

Question 14

In the context of phloem transport, what is a 'source'?

Accepted Answer

A tissue where sugar is produced or released into the phloem, such as mature leaves.

Question 15

What is the main function of sieve tube members in the phloem?

Accepted Answer

Transport sugars and other organic molecules throughout the plant.

Question 16

According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, how does water movement facilitate the translocation of sugars in the phloem?

Accepted Answer

Water entering the phloem at the source increases pressure, pushing sugars toward the sink.

Question 17

During phloem loading, which gradient is established and used to transport sucrose into companion cells?

Accepted Answer

A proton ($$\mathrm{H}^+) $$gradient created by proton pumps

Question 18

Which of the following is a way that low sucrose concentration is maintained in sink cell cytoplasm during phloem unloading?

Accepted Answer

Sucrose is rapidly converted to starch or metabolized in the sink cells.

Question 19

A plant growing in nutrient-poor soil is observed to have a large number of root nodules. What is the most likely explanation for this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

The plant is forming a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria to obtain usable nitrogen.

Plant Nutrition and Transport: Essential Nutrients, Water and Sugar Movement in Plants

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