Question 1

Which of the following best describes the three main steps of information processing in plants when responding to an environmental stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Reception, transduction, and response

Question 2

A plant detects a decrease in soil water availability. Which hormone is primarily responsible for initiating the closure of stomata to conserve water?

Accepted Answer

Abscisic acid (ABA)

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a possible cellular outcome when a plant cell receives an external signal?

Accepted Answer

Initiation of muscle contraction

Question 4

How does abscisic acid (ABA) cause stomatal closure at the cellular level?

Accepted Answer

ABA triggers the efflux of potassium ions ($$K^+) $$from guard cells, leading to water loss and cell shrinkage.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why defense mechanisms are particularly important for plants compared to animals?

Accepted Answer

Plants are immobile and cannot escape from threats, so they must rely on chemical and structural defenses.

Question 6

Systemin is a plant hormone involved in defense against herbivores. What is the main purpose of systemin signaling?

Accepted Answer

To activate the production of proteinase inhibitors that reduce herbivore digestion efficiency

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of a secondary metabolite used by plants for defense?

Accepted Answer

Nicotine produced by tobacco plants

Question 8

A scientist applies ABA to the leaves of a plant. Which of the following changes would you expect to observe in the guard cells?

Accepted Answer

A decrease in turgor pressure due to loss of $$K^+$$ and water

Question 9

Which of the following best compares the general features of signaling in plants and animals?

Accepted Answer

Both use chemical signals, but only animals use electrical signals for rapid communication.

Question 10

A plant is attacked by caterpillars. In response, it releases volatile chemicals that attract parasitic wasps. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Recruiting help from other organisms as an indirect defense mechanism

Question 11

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the process of stomatal closure in response to drought stress?

Accepted Answer

ABA binds to receptors on guard cells $$\rightarrow$$ $$K^+$$ channels open $$\rightarrow$$ $$K^+$$ exits the cell $$\rightarrow$$ water follows by osmosis $$\rightarrow$$ guard cells shrink $$\rightarrow$$ stomata close

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between plant and animal responses to environmental stimuli?

Accepted Answer

Plants rely primarily on chemical signaling, while animals often use both chemical and electrical signaling.

Question 13

A mutation prevents a plant from producing systemin. Which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The plant will be more susceptible to herbivore attack due to reduced production of proteinase inhibitors.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of electrochemical gradients in the opening and closing of stomata?

Accepted Answer

Movement of ions such as $$K^+$$ across guard cell membranes creates osmotic changes that alter cell turgor.

Question 15

Which of the following is a real-world example of a plant using a secondary metabolite for defense?

Accepted Answer

Caffeine produced by coffee plants deters insect herbivores.

Question 16

A researcher finds that a plant can sense touch but does not respond to changes in light. Which plant 'sense' is most likely defective?

Accepted Answer

Photoreception

Question 17

Which of the following best explains how plants can communicate with each other in response to herbivore attack?

Accepted Answer

By releasing volatile organic compounds that are detected by neighboring plants, triggering their own defense responses.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the function of guard cells in plant leaves?

Accepted Answer

Guard cells regulate gas exchange by opening and closing stomata in response to environmental signals.

Question 19

A plant exposed to prolonged drought fails to close its stomata. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

The plant is unable to synthesize or respond to abscisic acid (ABA).

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the main purpose of proteinase inhibitors produced in response to systemin signaling?

Accepted Answer

They interfere with the digestive enzymes of herbivores, reducing the efficiency of protein digestion.

Plant Physiology: Sensing and Responding

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