Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of RNA polymerase during transcription in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It unwinds the DNA double helix and synthesizes a complementary RNA strand from the DNA template.

Question 2

A mutation changes a single base in a gene, resulting in the codon GAA being changed to GUA in the mRNA. Using the codon table, what is the consequence of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

The amino acid glutamic acid (Glu) is replaced by valine (Val), which may alter protein function.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about introns and exons is correct?

Accepted Answer

Introns are removed from the primary RNA transcript, while exons are joined together to form the final mRNA.

Question 4

During translation, what is the function of the anticodon found on tRNA?

Accepted Answer

It pairs with the complementary codon on mRNA to ensure the correct amino acid is added to the polypeptide chain.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the primary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The specific sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia, which is caused by a single amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin protein. Which level of protein structure is directly affected by this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 7

Which of the following events occurs during the elongation stage of translation?

Accepted Answer

Amino acids are added one by one to the growing polypeptide chain as tRNAs bring them to the ribosome.

Question 8

Which of the following codons signals the start of translation in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

$$AUG$$

Question 9

What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) during translation?

Accepted Answer

It forms the core of the ribosome and catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.

Question 10

A scientist mutates the stop codon $$UAA in an $$mRNA to $$CAA. $$What is the most likely result during translation?

Accepted Answer

Translation will continue past the normal stop site, producing a longer polypeptide.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why multiple codons can code for the same amino acid?

Accepted Answer

The genetic code is redundant, meaning that more than one codon can specify the same amino acid.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed to mRNA, which is then translated to protein.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the quaternary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The association of multiple polypeptide chains to form a functional protein.

Question 14

A researcher isolates a molecule that carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Which molecule has the researcher most likely isolated?

Accepted Answer

mRNA

Question 15

Which of the following is a direct result of a mutation that introduces a premature stop codon into the coding region of a gene?

Accepted Answer

A truncated (shortened) protein is produced, which may be nonfunctional.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why changes in the primary structure of a protein can have drastic effects on its function?

Accepted Answer

The primary structure determines all higher levels of protein structure, so a change can alter folding and function.

Question 17

Which of the following processes occurs in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 18

A certain tRNA has the anticodon $$UAC. $$Which mRNA codon will it pair with during translation?

Accepted Answer

$$AUG$$

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Storing genetic information

Protein Synthesis: Transcription, Translation, and Protein Structure

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