Q: Which formula best represents the calculation of inclusive fitness?

$$\text{Inclusive fitness} = \text{Direct fitness} + r \times \text{Indirect fitness}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between natuurlijke selectie (natural selection) and seksuele selectie (sexual selection)?

Accepted Answer

Natuurlijke selectie is based on survival, while seksuele selectie is based on reproductive success.

Question 2

In the context of sexual selection, what is the main reason why female birds often choose males with elaborate ornaments?

Accepted Answer

Ornaments are honest signals of male genetic quality, as described by the 'good genes' hypothesis.

Question 3

Which equation represents Hamilton's rule for kin selection?

Accepted Answer

$$rB \u003e C$$

Question 4

A female chooses a mate with a long tail, and her sons inherit both the long tail and the preference for long tails. Which sexual selection hypothesis does this scenario best illustrate?

Accepted Answer

'Sexy son' hypothesis

Question 5

Why is parental investment typically higher in female mammals compared to males?

Accepted Answer

Females produce fewer, more costly gametes (eggs) and often provide more care to offspring.

Question 6

Which of the following is a real-world example of intrasexual selection?

Accepted Answer

Male deer fighting with antlers for access to females.

Question 7

In a population of forked fungus beetles, males with longer horns win more fights and mate more often. What type of selection is acting on horn length?

Accepted Answer

Intrasexual selection

Question 8

Which mating system is most likely to evolve in birds where both parents are needed to successfully raise offspring?

Accepted Answer

Monogamy

Question 9

A male waterbuck fights other males before mating and also has sperm that can displace rival sperm after mating. What does this illustrate about sexual selection?

Accepted Answer

Sexual selection can act both before and after copulation.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why sexual dimorphism (differences in size or appearance between males and females) is often more pronounced in polygynous species?

Accepted Answer

Males compete intensely for access to multiple females, favoring traits that increase mating success.

Question 11

According to the handicap hypothesis, why might a male bird with a very long tail be preferred by females?

Accepted Answer

The long tail is costly to maintain, so only high-quality males can afford it.

Question 12

Which formula best represents the calculation of inclusive fitness?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Inclusive fitness} = 	ext{Direct fitness} + r 	imes 	ext{Indirect fitness}$$

Question 13

In a population of meerkats, individuals give alarm calls that warn relatives of predators but increase their own risk. Which evolutionary concept does this behavior illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Kin selection

Question 14

Which of the following is a potential cost of social living in animal groups?

Accepted Answer

Increased risk of parasite transmission

Question 15

A female bird mates with multiple males, and the males compete to fertilize her eggs. What is this mating system called?

Accepted Answer

Polyandry

Question 16

In hymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps), why is it more beneficial for a worker to help raise sisters than to have her own offspring?

Accepted Answer

Workers are more closely related to sisters ($$r = 0.75) $$than to their own offspring ($$r = 0.5).$$

Question 17

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates reciprocal altruism?

Accepted Answer

A bat shares food with another bat, expecting to receive food in return later.

Question 18

According to Trivers' theory of parent-offspring conflict, when do conflicts between parents and offspring typically arise?

Accepted Answer

When the cost to the parent of providing care exceeds the benefit to the offspring.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for sexual selection to occur?

Accepted Answer

All individuals must have identical genetic makeup.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why extra-pair copulations (EPCs) occur in monogamous bird species?

Accepted Answer

EPCs can increase genetic diversity and offspring fitness.

Sexual Selection, Evolution, and Sociality in Animals

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