Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between organic and inorganic compounds in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Organic compounds are primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, often with oxygen, nitrogen, or phosphorus, and are associated with living things; inorganic compounds generally lack carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Question 2

Which reaction is responsible for breaking down polymers into monomers in biological systems, and what is required for this process?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis reaction; requires addition of water and an enzyme.

Question 3

A student is studying the structure of a protein and observes that it has multiple polypeptide chains. Which level of protein structure is being described?

Accepted Answer

Quaternary structure

Question 4

Which of the following is a correct example of a dehydration synthesis reaction in biological molecules?

Accepted Answer

Joining two amino acids to form a dipeptide, releasing a molecule of water.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why saturated fats are solid at room temperature while unsaturated fats are liquid?

Accepted Answer

Saturated fats have straight fatty acid tails that pack tightly together, while unsaturated fats have kinked tails due to double bonds, preventing tight packing.

Question 6

Which functional group is responsible for the acidic properties of amino acids?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group ($$\mathrm{COOH})$$

Question 7

Cellulose and chitin are both structural polysaccharides. Which statement correctly distinguishes them?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose is the main component of plant cell walls, while chitin is found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and fungal cell walls.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 9

A patient is diagnosed with lactose intolerance. Which biological molecule and enzyme are directly involved in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Lactose and lactase

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct formula for the photosynthesis reaction in plants?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$ + H_2O + Light \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6$ + O_2$}$$

Question 11

Which of the following statements about ATP is correct?

Accepted Answer

ATP is a nucleotide that serves as the main energy currency of the cell.

Question 12

A scientist denatures a protein by heating it. What is the most likely consequence for the protein’s function?

Accepted Answer

The protein will lose its specific shape and become nonfunctional.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of proteins in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Energy storage for long-term use

Question 14

Which of the following correctly matches a monomer with its corresponding macromolecule?

Accepted Answer

Amino acid — protein

Question 15

Which property of hydrocarbons makes them useful as energy sources in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

They contain many nonpolar covalent bonds, which store large amounts of energy.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why humans cannot digest cellulose?

Accepted Answer

Humans lack the enzyme needed to break the specific glycosidic bonds in cellulose.

Question 17

A mutation changes the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Which level of protein structure is directly affected first?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of a phospholipid’s structure and its role in cells?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails; they form the main component of cell membranes.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of chaperonins in protein folding?

Accepted Answer

Chaperonins are protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins.

Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules: General Biology Study Notes

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