Question 1

Which of the following best describes the molecule shown in the first image (yellow, blue, and red components)?

Accepted Answer

A nucleotide, composed of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Question 2

The process depicted in the third image, where a polymer is broken down into monomers with the addition of water, is called:

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 3

Which type of bond is formed between two monosaccharides during the reaction shown in the fifth image (sucrose formation)?

Accepted Answer

Glycosidic linkage

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why cellulose (a polysaccharide) is important in the human diet, even though we cannot digest it?

Accepted Answer

It acts as dietary fiber, aiding in digestive health

Question 5

The molecule shown in the eighth image is cholesterol. Which of the following is NOT a function of cholesterol in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Major energy storage molecule

Question 6

Which of the following foods (as shown in the ninth and tenth images) is most likely to increase LDL cholesterol levels if consumed in excess?

Accepted Answer

Fried chicken and donuts

Question 7

Which level of protein structure is depicted in the secondary structure portion of the four-level protein diagram (image 14), and what type of bond stabilizes it?

Accepted Answer

Secondary structure; hydrogen bonds

Question 8

A person with sickle cell anemia (see images 16 and 17) has a mutation in the gene for hemoglobin. What is the molecular consequence of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

A single amino acid is changed, altering the protein's shape and function

Question 9

Which of the following statements about essential amino acids is correct?

Accepted Answer

They must be obtained from the diet

Question 10

The process shown in the fourth image (dehydration synthesis) is important for which of the following biological functions?

Accepted Answer

Forming proteins from amino acids

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between DNA and RNA based on the sugar component shown in the last image?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose, which has an -H at the 2' carbon

Question 12

Which of the following is a real-world application of chitin, as shown in the sixth image?

Accepted Answer

Used in biomedical devices and drug delivery

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why proteins lose their function when denatured, as illustrated by the egg cooking in the eighteenth image?

Accepted Answer

The three-dimensional structure is disrupted, altering the active site

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of HDL cholesterol, as depicted in the thirteenth image?

Accepted Answer

Transports cholesterol from tissues to the liver for excretion

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of phospholipids in the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

They form a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails inward

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a polysaccharide and its primary biological role?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen – short-term glucose storage in animals

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the structure of DNA as shown in the second image?

Accepted Answer

A double helix with antiparallel strands and complementary base pairing

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of steroid hormones, such as those derived from cholesterol (see images 8, 11, and 12)?

Accepted Answer

Act as chemical messengers regulating physiological processes

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why starch is stored in plant organs such as bulbs, roots, and tubers (see image 7)?

Accepted Answer

To store glucose for later use during periods of low photosynthetic activity

Question 20

Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide, as shown in the first image?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate group

Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules: General Biology Study Notes

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