Question 1

Refer to the first image. The arrows are pointing to two structures on a duplicated chromosome. What are these structures called, and what is their significance during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Chromatids; they are the result of DNA replication and are separated during anaphase to ensure each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

Question 2

The second image shows a cell in a specific stage of mitosis. Which stage is depicted, and what key event occurs during this stage?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase; chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, preparing for separation.

Question 3

The third image illustrates a process that occurs after mitosis. What is this process called, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Cytokinesis; it divides the cytoplasm, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.

Question 4

Refer to the fourth image, which depicts the molecular control of the cell cycle. What is the role of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) in this process?

Accepted Answer

Cdks, when bound to cyclins, phosphorylate target proteins to drive the cell cycle through key checkpoints.

Question 5

The fifth image shows the duplication and distribution of chromosomes. Which statement best describes what happens to the DNA content during this process?

Accepted Answer

DNA is replicated during S phase, resulting in duplicated chromosomes with two sister chromatids, which are then separated into two cells during mitosis.

Question 6

The sixth image represents the cell cycle. Which phase occupies the largest portion of the cell cycle, and what occurs during this phase?

Accepted Answer

Interphase; the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for division.

Question 7

The seventh image shows a cell with two yellow structures near the nucleus. What are these structures, and what is their function during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Centrosomes; they organize the microtubules of the mitotic spindle.

Question 8

The eighth image depicts a stage of mitosis where spindle fibers are attaching to chromosomes. Which stage is this, and what is the significance of this attachment?

Accepted Answer

Prometaphase; spindle fibers attach to kinetochores, allowing chromosomes to be moved and aligned.

Question 9

The ninth image shows chromosomes being moved toward the center of the cell. What is this stage called, and what is the importance of this arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase; chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate to ensure equal segregation.

Question 10

The tenth image shows chromosomes aligned in the center of the cell with spindle fibers attached. What would happen if all kinetochores were not properly attached to spindle fibers at this stage?

Accepted Answer

The cell would not pass the M checkpoint, preventing progression to anaphase and ensuring chromosomes are properly attached.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between chromatin, chromatid, and chromosome?

Accepted Answer

Chromatin is the loosely packed DNA-protein complex; a chromatid is one of two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome; a chromosome is a single DNA molecule, either unduplicated or duplicated.

Question 12

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that all DNA is replicated and undamaged before mitosis begins?

Accepted Answer

G2 checkpoint

Question 13

What is the function of the mitotic spindle during cell division?

Accepted Answer

It separates duplicated chromosomes by attaching to kinetochores and pulling sister chromatids apart.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of growth factors in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

Growth factors are external signals that stimulate cells to divide, such as PDGF stimulating fibroblast division after injury.

Question 15

What is the main difference between benign and malignant tumors?

Accepted Answer

Benign tumors do not invade surrounding tissues or metastasize, while malignant tumors invade and can spread to other parts of the body.

Question 16

Which equation correctly represents the number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell and a gamete?

Accepted Answer

$$2n = 46 in $$somatic cells; $$n = 23 in $$gametes

Question 17

Which of the following best describes binary fission in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

The circular DNA is replicated, and the cell divides into two genetically identical cells.

Question 18

What would happen if a mutation caused the loss of density-dependent inhibition in a cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell would continue to divide even when crowded, potentially leading to tumor formation.

Question 19

Which of the following treatments targets rapidly dividing cells by damaging their DNA, and is commonly used in cancer therapy?

Accepted Answer

Radiation therapy

Study Guide: The Cell Cycle and Mitosis (General Biology)

스터디 가이드 - 연습 문제

학습 가이드 - 플래시카드