Question 1

Which of the following best describes a monophyletic group in a phylogenetic tree?

Accepted Answer

A group that contains a common ancestor and all of its descendants.

Question 2

In binomial nomenclature, which of the following is the correct way to write the scientific name for the domestic cat?

Accepted Answer

Felis catus

Question 3

Which principle is used to select the simplest phylogenetic tree with the fewest evolutionary changes?

Accepted Answer

Principle of parsimony

Question 4

A mutation that does not affect an organism’s fitness is called a neutral mutation. According to population genetics, what is the most likely fate of a neutral mutation in a large population over time?

Accepted Answer

It will spread through the population by genetic drift.

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of a shared derived character (apomorphy) in the family Felidae, as shown in the diagram?

Accepted Answer

Retractable claws

Question 6

If two species share a trait due to similar environmental pressures but not common ancestry, this trait is called:

Accepted Answer

Analogy

Question 7

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates horizontal gene transfer?

Accepted Answer

A bacterium acquires antibiotic resistance genes from another species via plasmid exchange.

Question 8

Which taxonomic rank is immediately higher than 'Family' in the hierarchy?

Accepted Answer

Order

Question 9

A phylogenetic tree shows that horses and wolves share the trait 'hair.' In this context, 'hair' is considered:

Accepted Answer

A shared primitive character (plesiomorphy)

Question 10

Which of the following statements about molecular clocks is correct?

Accepted Answer

Slow-evolving genes are best for studying evolution over long periods.

Question 11

Which of the following groups is polyphyletic?

Accepted Answer

Homeothermic (warm-blooded) animals

Question 12

Which process describes the evolution of a single species into a different species without branching?

Accepted Answer

Anagenesis

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a reason why phylogenetic trees may be revised?

Accepted Answer

Changes in environmental conditions

Question 14

Which of the following best describes a sister group in a phylogenetic tree?

Accepted Answer

A group that shares a common ancestor with the group being discussed and is its closest relative.

Question 15

Which of the following is a homoplasy?

Accepted Answer

Limbless bodies in snakes and glass lizards due to convergent evolution

Question 16

A taxonomist is constructing a phylogenetic tree using gene sequences. If a mutation changes the DNA sequence, how is this interpreted in cladistics?

Accepted Answer

As a modification of a character state

Question 17

Which equation would you use to estimate the time since divergence between two species using molecular clock data, given the number of nucleotide differences ($$D) $$and the mutation rate per year ($$r$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$T = \frac{D}{2r}$$

Question 18

Which of the following mechanisms contributed to the origin of the eukaryotic cell by horizontal gene transfer?

Accepted Answer

Endosymbiosis

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about the hierarchy of taxonomic grouping?

Accepted Answer

Order is ranked lower than Class.

Question 20

A researcher finds that two unrelated species have developed similar body shapes due to living in similar aquatic environments. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Convergent evolution

Taxonomy and Systematics: Principles and Applications in Biological Diversity

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