Q: Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{RNA} \rightarrow \text{Protein}$$

Question 1

Which experiment provided the strongest evidence that DNA, and not protein, is the genetic material in cells?

Accepted Answer

Hershey and Chase's experiment using bacteriophages labeled with radioactive isotopes

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the antiparallel nature of DNA?

Accepted Answer

One strand runs 5' to 3' and the other runs 3' to 5'

Question 3

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for relieving the tension ahead of the replication fork caused by unwinding?

Accepted Answer

Topoisomerase

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the leading and lagging strands during DNA replication is correct?

Accepted Answer

The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously as Okazaki fragments.

Question 5

A mutation changes a DNA codon from $$	ext{GAA} to$$ $$	ext{GAG}. $$Both codons code for glutamic acid. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the RNA primer at the 5' end of the leading strand cannot be replaced with DNA nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

There is no upstream 3' hydroxyl group for DNA polymerase to extend from.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of the 5' cap added to eukaryotic mRNA during processing?

Accepted Answer

It serves as a template for DNA replication.

Question 8

A patient has a mutation in the gene encoding for a spliceosome component. Which process is most likely to be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Removal of introns from pre-mRNA

Question 9

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the RNA primer during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Primase

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{DNA} ightarrow 	ext{RNA} ightarrow 	ext{Protein}$$

Question 11

Which of the following statements about telomerase is correct?

Accepted Answer

Telomerase extends the 3' end of the parental DNA strand, preventing chromosome shortening during replication.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why the genetic code is described as 'redundant but not ambiguous'?

Accepted Answer

More than one codon can specify the same amino acid, but each codon specifies only one amino acid.

Question 13

A scientist isolates a nucleic acid with the following characteristics: contains ribose sugar, uracil, and is single-stranded. Which molecule is this?

Accepted Answer

RNA

Question 14

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during translation elongation at the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

Aminoacyl-tRNA enters the A site, peptide bond forms, tRNA translocates to P site, then E site

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of DNA ligase during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

It joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by forming phosphodiester bonds.

Question 16

A point mutation changes a codon from $$	ext{UAC} ($$tyrosine) to $$	ext{UAA} ($$stop codon). What is the result?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of histone proteins in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They package DNA into nucleosomes, aiding in chromatin condensation.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes alternative RNA splicing?

Accepted Answer

It allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins by including or excluding different exons.

Question 19

Which of the following is true regarding the directionality of nucleic acid synthesis?

Accepted Answer

DNA and RNA are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.

Question 20

A frameshift mutation is most likely to result from which of the following?

Accepted Answer

An insertion or deletion of a nucleotide

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance & Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

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