뒤로The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
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Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
Introduction
This chapter explores the four major classes of large biological molecules essential to life: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules are fundamental to cellular structure and function, and their unique properties arise from their specific chemical structures.
Macromolecules: Polymers Built from Monomers
Definition and Overview
Macromolecules are large polymers composed of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
A polymer is a long molecule consisting of repeating units called monomers.
Three major classes of biological macromolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Lipids are large biological molecules but are not true polymers.
Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers
Dehydration Reaction: A chemical reaction in which two monomers are covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. This process synthesizes polymers.
Hydrolysis: The reverse of dehydration; polymers are broken down into monomers by the addition of water.
Equation for Dehydration Reaction:
Equation for Hydrolysis:
Classes of Biological Molecules
Overview Table
Class | Monomer | Polymer | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
Carbohydrates | Monosaccharide | Polysaccharide | Starch, Cellulose |
Proteins | Amino acid | Polypeptide | Alcohol dehydrogenase |
Nucleic acids | Nucleotide | Polynucleotide | DNA, RNA |
Lipids | Not true polymers | Not true polymers | Phospholipid |
Key Points
Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material.
Proteins perform a wide range of functions, including catalysis, defense, transport, and structural support.
Nucleic acids store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.
Lipids are hydrophobic molecules important for energy storage, membrane structure, and signaling.
Example: Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenase is a protein enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of alcohols in the body.
Its structure consists of complex folding patterns formed by amino acid chains.
Additional info:
Macromolecules are essential for the structure and function of cells. Their diversity arises from the arrangement and type of monomers used in their construction.
Understanding the synthesis and breakdown of polymers is fundamental to studying metabolism and cellular processes.
