Question 1

Which of the following best describes the termination of transcription in bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

It is triggered by the formation of a hairpin structure in the messenger RNA, followed by a series of uracils.

Question 2

In eukaryotic cells, which of the following is TRUE regarding RNA processing?

Accepted Answer

RNA processing involves the removal of introns and the addition of a 5' cap and poly-A tail.

Question 3

What is the function of the 5' cap and poly-A tail added to eukaryotic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

They protect the mRNA from degradation and assist in export from the nucleus.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about introns and exons is correct?

Accepted Answer

Introns are removed from the primary transcript, while exons remain and are expressed.

Question 5

Why can bacteria respond quickly to environmental changes compared to eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Transcription and translation can occur simultaneously in bacteria.

Question 6

Which promoter element is commonly found in eukaryotic genes and is recognized by general transcription factors?

Accepted Answer

The TATA box

Question 7

During transcription in eukaryotic cells, which enzyme is responsible for separating the DNA strands?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 8

A mutation prevents the addition of a poly-A tail to eukaryotic mRNA. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

The mRNA will be rapidly degraded in the cytoplasm.

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why the spliced mRNA is shorter than the original DNA template?

Accepted Answer

Introns, which do not code for proteins, are removed during RNA processing.

Question 10

What is the role of general transcription factors in eukaryotic transcription?

Accepted Answer

They help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter and initiate transcription.

Question 11

Which of the following sequences is most likely to be found at the site of transcription termination in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

A series of adenines known as the poly-A signal

Question 12

If a eukaryotic cell fails to remove introns from its mRNA, what is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The resulting protein will be nonfunctional or truncated.

Question 13

Which of the following is a key difference between transcription in bacteria and eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Transcription and translation are coupled in bacteria but separated in eukaryotes due to the nuclear membrane.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the spliceosome?

Accepted Answer

It removes introns from the primary transcript.

Question 15

A scientist discovers a segment of DNA in human cells that does not code for any protein and is often spliced out during RNA processing. What is the most likely origin of this DNA?

Accepted Answer

It is viral DNA inherited from ancient infections.

Question 16

Which equation correctly represents the direction of mRNA synthesis during transcription?

Accepted Answer

$$5' \rightarrow 3'$$

Question 17

During transcription, which strand of DNA serves as the template for mRNA synthesis?

Accepted Answer

The template strand

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a step in eukaryotic transcription initiation?

Accepted Answer

Addition of a poly-A tail to the mRNA

Question 19

A patient has a genetic disorder that affects the function of RNA polymerase II. Which process is most likely to be directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Transcription of messenger RNA

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why eukaryotic cells expend extra energy copying introns that are later removed?

Accepted Answer

Introns may have regulatory or evolutionary functions, even if not needed for protein coding.

Transcription and RNA Processing in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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