Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why carbon is the backbone of most organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds, allowing for a diversity of stable structures.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of functional groups in organic molecules?

Accepted Answer

They are always nonpolar and do not participate in chemical reactions.

Question 3

Isomers are compounds that:

Accepted Answer

Have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms, resulting in different properties.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes a polymer?

Accepted Answer

A large molecule made by joining many smaller molecules called monomers.

Question 5

Which macromolecule is correctly matched with its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Proteins – amino acids

Question 6

A dehydration synthesis reaction is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A reaction that joins two monomers by removing a molecule of water.

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct chemical formula for butane?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_4H_{10}}$$

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why testosterone and estradiol, though similar in structure, have very different effects in animals?

Accepted Answer

Small differences in functional groups attached to the carbon skeleton result in different biological activities.

Question 9

Which of the following statements about hydrocarbons is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They consist only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of proteins in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

Catalyzing chemical reactions as enzymes.

Question 11

A student is analyzing a molecule and finds it contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Which class of macromolecule is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Carbohydrate

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the relationship between monomers and polymers?

Accepted Answer

Polymers are made by linking together many monomers through covalent bonds.

Question 13

Which of the following functional groups is nonpolar and nonreactive, and is commonly found in DNA and gene expression?

Accepted Answer

Methyl group ($$-CH_3$)

Question 14

Which process is responsible for breaking down polymers into monomers during digestion?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids are essential for cell membranes?

Accepted Answer

They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, allowing them to form bilayers in water.

Question 16

A molecule with the formula $$C_6H_{12}O_6$ is most likely a:

Accepted Answer

Monosaccharide

Question 17

Which of the following statements about amino acids is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Each amino acid contains a central carbon, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique R group.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between starch and cellulose?

Accepted Answer

Both are polymers of glucose, but they differ in the type of glycosidic bonds, resulting in different structures and functions.

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-life example of the importance of isomers in biology?

Accepted Answer

Glucose and galactose have the same molecular formula but different structures, leading to different roles in metabolism.

Question 20

A patient is found to have a genetic mutation that alters the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Which level of protein structure is directly affected by this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Unit 2: Macromolecules & Cell Components – Study Notes

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