Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why bacteriophages do not infect human cells?

Accepted Answer

Human cells lack the specific proteins and carbohydrates on their surface that bacteriophages recognize.

Question 2

A patient is prescribed antibiotics for a viral infection. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The antibiotics will not affect the virus and may contribute to antibiotic resistance.

Question 3

Which process allows bacteria to rapidly increase their population size under ideal conditions?

Accepted Answer

Serial reproduction, where bacteria divide as often as once every 20 minutes.

Question 4

Retroviruses are unique among viruses because they use which enzyme to convert their RNA into DNA?

Accepted Answer

Reverse transcriptase

Question 5

Which of the following is a major reason why antibiotic resistance is increasing in hospitals?

Accepted Answer

Overuse and incomplete courses of antibiotics allow resistant bacteria to survive and multiply.

Question 6

What is the primary structural difference between bacteria and viruses?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria have cellular structures such as ribosomes and plasma membranes, while viruses lack these organelles.

Question 7

A scientist discovers a circular DNA molecule in a bacterial cell that is separate from the main chromosome and contains genes for antibiotic resistance. What is this molecule called?

Accepted Answer

Plasmid

Question 8

Which of the following equations best represents the exponential growth of bacteria under ideal conditions, where $$N_0 is $$the initial number of bacteria, $$r is $$the rate of reproduction, and $$t is $$time?

Accepted Answer

$$N = N_0$ 	imes e$$^{rt}$$

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of helpful bacteria in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Producing destructive enzymes that dissolve muscle cells

Question 10

A patient contracts bacterial gangrene. What is the primary mechanism by which this disease spreads through tissue?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial enzymes dissolve connections between muscle cells, then digest the cells.

Question 11

Why do most viruses infect only specific hosts and tissues?

Accepted Answer

Due to interactions between proteins and carbohydrates on the cell surface and the virus surface.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics are only effective against bacteria, not viruses or fungi.

Question 13

What is the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

Accepted Answer

It converts viral RNA into DNA, which is then inserted into the host's genome.

Question 14

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of not finishing an entire course of antibiotics?

Accepted Answer

Surviving bacteria may develop resistance, making future infections harder to treat.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the genetic diversity in bacteria despite asexual reproduction?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria can exchange plasmids, take up DNA from the environment, and be infected by viruses that leave genetic material behind.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a pathogenic bacterium?

Accepted Answer

Influenza

Question 17

What is the main reason why viruses are considered non-living?

Accepted Answer

They cannot carry out metabolism or reproduce independently outside a host cell.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world example of a retrovirus?

Accepted Answer

HIV

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of bacterial cell walls targeted by antibiotics such as penicillin?

Accepted Answer

Disrupting the synthesis of the cell wall, leading to bacterial cell death.

Question 20

If 99.36% of bacteria are not pathogenic, what is the percentage of bacteria that are pathogenic?

Accepted Answer

$$100\% - 99.36\% = 0.64\%$$

Viruses, Bacteria, and Infectious Agents: Structure, Diversity, and Antibiotics

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