Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus containing their genetic material, whereas prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.

Question 2

Which domain of life includes organisms with membrane-bound organelles and a true nucleus?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotes

Question 3

Which of the following is a double-membrane organelle found in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 4

According to Linus Pauling’s scale, what type of bond is formed between carbon (C, electronegativity 2.55) and hydrogen (H, electronegativity 2.2)?

Accepted Answer

Non-polar covalent bond

Question 5

Which of the following macromolecules is correctly matched with its building block?

Accepted Answer

Polysaccharides – Sugars

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the structure of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

A nitrogen-containing base, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups

Question 7

Which of the following statements about DNA structure is correct?

Accepted Answer

The two strands of DNA are antiparallel and held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.

Question 8

Which of the following is an essential amino acid for humans?

Accepted Answer

Leucine

Question 9

Amylose and amylopectin are both forms of starch. Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

Amylose contains only $$\alpha(1 \rightarrow 4)$$ glycosidic bonds, while amylopectin contains both $$\alpha(1 \rightarrow 4)$$ and $$\alpha(1 \rightarrow 6)$$ glycosidic bonds.

Question 10

Which polysaccharide provides mechanical support in plant cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Cellulose

Question 11

Which of the following statements about genome size is correct?

Accepted Answer

Genome size is measured in nucleotides or base pairs and does not necessarily correlate with organism complexity.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about the number of chromosomes and the number of genes?

Accepted Answer

The number of chromosomes does not necessarily equal the number of genes.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria are considered to have an endosymbiotic origin?

Accepted Answer

They contain their own circular DNA and double membrane, similar to bacteria.

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a macromolecule and its function?

Accepted Answer

Proteins – catalyze biochemical reactions

Question 15

Which of the following is a pyrimidine base found in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Thymine

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between glycogen and cellulose?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen is an energy storage polysaccharide in animals, while cellulose provides structural support in plants.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about chitin is correct?

Accepted Answer

Chitin is a linear polymer of N-acetylglucosamine found in fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons.

Question 18

Which of the following is a real-world application of understanding the structure of nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

Designing drugs that mimic nucleotide structure to inhibit viral replication.

Question 19

A mutation changes a cytosine base to a thymine in a DNA molecule. Which type of chemical structure change has occurred?

Accepted Answer

A pyrimidine has been replaced by another pyrimidine.

Cell Biology Midterm 1 Review: Cells, Biochemistry, Macromolecules, and Genome Organization

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