Question 1

Which of the following best describes the 'functional parts' of a chromosome?

Accepted Answer

The genes, which are DNA sequences that code for functional RNA or proteins

Question 2

What is the typical flow of genetic information in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

$$DNA \rightarrow RNA \rightarrow Protein$$

Question 3

Which of the following correctly matches the function of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA brings specific amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codon sequence

Question 4

What is a 'charged' tRNA, and which enzyme is responsible for its formation?

Accepted Answer

A tRNA bound to its corresponding amino acid, formed by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomes in translation?

Accepted Answer

They catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

Question 6

In the context of translation, what is the function of the A, P, and E sites on the ribosome?

Accepted Answer

They are sites where tRNAs enter, hold the growing peptide, and exit, respectively

Question 7

Which statement best explains the concept of 'signal sequences' in protein targeting?

Accepted Answer

Signal sequences are short peptides that direct proteins to specific cellular compartments

Question 8

A mutation disrupts the signal recognition particle (SRP) in a cell. Which process is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Targeting of proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Accepted Answer

Rough ER has ribosomes attached and synthesizes proteins, while smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids

Question 10

Which of the following is a primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles

Question 11

A patient has a genetic defect in the TOM complex. Which cellular process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Import of proteins into mitochondria

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of COPII proteins in vesicle transport?

Accepted Answer

They mediate vesicle budding from the ER to the Golgi apparatus

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding SNARE proteins in vesicle transport?

Accepted Answer

They mediate the specific fusion of vesicles with their target membranes

Question 14

A researcher observes that a protein is synthesized in the cytosol but fails to enter the mitochondria. Which targeting signal is most likely missing?

Accepted Answer

A mitochondrial matrix targeting sequence

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the signal recognition particle (SRP)?

Accepted Answer

It binds to the signal sequence of nascent polypeptides and directs them to the ER membrane

Question 16

Which of the following is a key difference between the TOM and TIM complexes in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

TOM transports proteins across the outer membrane, while TIM transports proteins across the inner membrane

Question 17

A scientist mutates the gene encoding a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in a protein. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The protein will remain in the cytoplasm and fail to enter the nucleus

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of 'vesicle budding' from the ER?

Accepted Answer

It is mediated by coat proteins such as COPII, which help deform the membrane and select cargo

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of membrane lipids and detoxification of drugs

Question 20

A cell is unable to glycosylate proteins properly. Which organelle is most likely defective?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Gene Expression and Protein Sorting: Chapters 19 & 12 Review

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