Question 1

Which of the following best describes the 'Central Dogma' of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

Genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

Question 2

What is the main chemical difference between DNA and RNA that affects their stability?

Accepted Answer

RNA contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) at the 2’ carbon, while DNA has a hydrogen (-H) at the same position.

Question 3

A mutation in the gene encoding an enzyme for anthocyanin biosynthesis in pea plants results in white flowers. What is the most direct molecular explanation for this phenotype?

Accepted Answer

The mutation leads to a non-functional enzyme, so the precursor cannot be converted to anthocyanin.

Question 4

Which of the following processes occurs in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 5

If a cell type does not express a particular gene, which of the following is most likely true?

Accepted Answer

The gene is present in the DNA but is not transcribed into RNA.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why all cells in a multicellular organism contain the same DNA but have different functions?

Accepted Answer

Different cells express different sets of genes, resulting in different proteomes.

Question 7

A patient with Glycogen Storage Disease Type VII (GSDVII) has a mutation in the gene encoding phosphofructokinase in skeletal muscle. Why is this disease inherited in an autosomal recessive manner?

Accepted Answer

One functional allele is sufficient to produce enough enzyme for normal function.

Question 8

Which of the following steps is NOT a possible regulatory point for gene expression in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

DNA replication

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the structure of a nucleotide found in DNA?

Accepted Answer

A phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Question 10

A genetically modified crop is engineered to resist glyphosate (Roundup). Which molecular change most likely confers this resistance?

Accepted Answer

A mutation in the gene encoding the target enzyme that prevents glyphosate binding but retains enzyme function.

Question 11

Which of the following is a direct result of translation?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of a polypeptide chain from an mRNA template

Question 12

In Mendel’s pea plant experiments, what is the genotype of a plant with white flowers if purple is dominant (P) and white is recessive (p)?

Accepted Answer

$$pp$$

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the human genome is correct?

Accepted Answer

A large portion of the human genome consists of repetitive sequences with unknown function.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why a red blood cell does not produce digestive enzymes?

Accepted Answer

The genes for digestive enzymes are not expressed in red blood cells.

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in gene expression according to the central dogma?

Accepted Answer

Transcription → translation → protein modification

Question 16

A mutation in a regulatory region of a gene prevents RNA polymerase from binding. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The gene will not be transcribed, so no protein will be produced.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the relationship between genotype and phenotype in the context of Mendel’s pea plants?

Accepted Answer

Genotype determines which proteins are made, which in turn determines phenotype.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of mRNA in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It serves as a template for protein synthesis during translation.

Question 19

Which of the following is true about the flow of genetic information in cells?

Accepted Answer

Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

Gene Expression and the Central Dogma: From DNA to Protein and Mendelian Genetics

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