{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"{\"type\":\"doc\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q1. Classify the following items as Element, Compound, Homogeneous Mixture, or Heterogeneous Mixture:\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Classification of Matter\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your understanding of how substances are categorized based on their composition and uniformity.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Terms:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Element:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" A pure substance made of only one kind of atom.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Compound:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" A substance made of two or more elements chemically bonded.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Homogeneous Mixture:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" A mixture with uniform composition throughout (also called a solution).\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Heterogeneous Mixture:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" A mixture with non-uniform composition; you can see different parts.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"For each item, identify if it is a pure substance (element or compound) or a mixture.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"If it is a mixture, determine if it is homogeneous (looks the same throughout) or heterogeneous (different parts visible).\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Recall that compounds have a fixed ratio of elements, while mixtures can vary in composition.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Use your knowledge of common substances to classify each item.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"a. MgCl2 - Compound\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"b. Air - Homogeneous Mixture\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"c. Gallium - Element\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"d. Coffee - Homogeneous Mixture\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"e. Cereal and milk - Heterogeneous Mixture\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Each item is classified based on its composition and whether it is uniform or not.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q2. Classify the following as Chemical or Physical change:\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Chemical vs. Physical Changes\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your ability to distinguish between changes that alter the chemical identity of a substance and those that do not.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Terms:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Chemical Change:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" A change that results in the formation of new substances.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Physical Change:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" A change in state or appearance without changing the chemical identity.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"For each process, ask: Does the substance's chemical identity change?\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"If new substances are formed, it's a chemical change.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"If the process only changes the physical state or appearance, it's a physical change.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Think about common examples: melting, rusting, baking, chopping, etc.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"a. Iron rusting - Chemical change\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"b. Shredding paper - Physical change\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"c. Ice cream melting - Physical change\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"d. Baking a cake - Chemical change\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"e. Chopping wood - Physical change\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Chemical changes involve new substances; physical changes do not.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q3. Convert the following units:\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Unit Conversion\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your ability to convert between different units using conversion factors.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Terms and Formulas:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Kelvin to Fahrenheit:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"T_{\\\\text{F}} = \\\\frac{9}{5} \\\\times (T_{\\\\text{K}} - 273) + 32\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Kilometers to meters:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"1 \\\\text{ km} = 1000 \\\\text{ m}\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Milliliters to liters:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"1 \\\\text{ L} = 1000 \\\\text{ mL}\"}}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"For each conversion, write down the starting value and the units you want to convert to.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Set up the appropriate conversion factor for each unit.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Multiply or divide as needed to get the new unit.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"For temperature, remember to convert Kelvin to Celsius first, then to Fahrenheit.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"a. 47.0 K = -226.0 °F\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"b. 430 km = 430,000 m\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"c. 2947 mL = 2.947 L\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Each conversion uses the correct conversion factor and formula.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q4. Put the following numbers into scientific notation:\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Scientific Notation\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your ability to express numbers in scientific notation, which is useful for very large or small values.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Terms:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Scientific Notation:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" A way to write numbers as \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"a \\\\times 10^n\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" where \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"1 \\\\leq a < 10\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" and \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"n\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" is an integer.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Identify the decimal point location in the original number.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Move the decimal so that only one nonzero digit is to the left.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Count how many places you moved the decimal; this is the exponent.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"For numbers less than 1, the exponent is negative; for numbers greater than 1, it's positive.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"a. 2931000 = \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"2.931 \\\\times 10^6\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"b. 0.0003842 = \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"3.842 \\\\times 10^{-4}\"}}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Scientific notation makes numbers easier to read and use in calculations.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q5. How many protons, neutrons and electrons for the following?\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Atomic Structure\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your understanding of how to determine the number of subatomic particles in atoms and ions.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Terms:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Protons:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Equal to atomic number.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Neutrons:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Neutrons} = \\\\text{Mass number} - \\\\text{Atomic number}\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Electrons:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" For neutral atoms, electrons = protons. For ions, adjust for charge.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Identify the atomic number (number of protons) for each element.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Find the mass number (protons + neutrons) and subtract atomic number to get neutrons.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"For ions, add or subtract electrons based on the charge.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Write out the values for each subatomic particle for each item.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"a. \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"^{43}_{20}\\\\text{Ca}\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\": 20 protons, 23 neutrons, 20 electrons\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"b. Silicon-30: 14 protons, 16 neutrons, 14 electrons\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"c. \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{O}^{2-}\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\": 8 protons, 8 neutrons, 10 electrons\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"d. \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Al}^{3+}\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\": 13 protons, 14 neutrons, 10 electrons\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Use atomic number, mass number, and charge to determine each value.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q6. What is the average atomic mass for the element Magnesium based on the following isotopes and their relative abundance?\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Average Atomic Mass\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your ability to calculate the weighted average atomic mass using isotopic abundances.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Formula:\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Average atomic mass} = \\\\sum (\\\\text{isotope mass} \\\\times \\\\text{fractional abundance})\"}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Convert percent abundances to decimal fractions (e.g., 79% = 0.79).\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Multiply each isotope's mass by its fractional abundance.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Add the results for all isotopes to get the average atomic mass.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Set up the calculation but stop before adding the final values.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Average atomic mass} = (24 \\\\times 0.79) + (25 \\\\times 0.10) + (26 \\\\times 0.11) = 24.32\"}}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"The average atomic mass is calculated by multiplying each isotope's mass by its abundance and summing the results.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q7. Classify the following as Alkali metals, Alkaline earth metals, Halogens, Noble Gases\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Periodic Table Groups\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your knowledge of the main groups of the periodic table and their properties.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Terms:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Alkali metals:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Group 1 elements, very reactive, form 1+ cations.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Alkaline earth metals:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Group 2 elements, form 2+ cations.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Halogens:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Group 17 elements, very reactive nonmetals.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Noble Gases:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Group 18 elements, inert gases.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Identify the group for each element or description.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Recall the properties and typical charges for each group.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Match each item to the correct group based on its characteristics.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Use periodic table knowledge to classify each.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"a. Beryllium - Alkaline earth metal\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"b. Bromine - Halogen\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"c. Typically form 2+ cations - Alkaline earth metals\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"d. Argon - Noble gas\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"e. Potassium - Alkali metal\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"f. Usually don’t react - Noble gases\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Each item is classified based on periodic table group properties.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q8. How many atoms are there in 2.49 moles of Sodium?\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Mole Concept and Avogadro's Number\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your ability to use Avogadro's number to convert moles to atoms.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Formula:\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Number of atoms} = \\\\text{moles} \\\\times 6.022 \\\\times 10^{23}\"}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Write down the number of moles given (2.49 moles).\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Recall Avogadro's number: \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"6.022 \\\\times 10^{23}\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" atoms per mole.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Set up the multiplication: \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"2.49 \\\\times 6.022 \\\\times 10^{23}\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\".\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Stop before calculating the final value.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Number of atoms} = 2.49 \\\\times 6.022 \\\\times 10^{23} = 1.50 \\\\times 10^{24}\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" atoms\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Multiply moles by Avogadro's number to get the total atoms.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q9. When 340 g of Copper reacted with oxygen, 605 g of Copper (II) oxide was produced. Determine the mass of Copper contained in a 420 g sample of Copper(II) oxide.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Mass Percent and Stoichiometry\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your ability to use mass relationships in compounds to find the amount of a specific element.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Formula:\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Mass percent of Cu in CuO} = \\\\frac{\\\\text{mass of Cu}}{\\\\text{mass of CuO}} \\\\times 100\\\\%\"}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Find the mass percent of copper in the original sample: \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\frac{340}{605} \\\\times 100\\\\%\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\".\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Use this percent to find the mass of copper in the 420 g sample: \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{mass percent} \\\\times 420\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\".\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Set up the calculation but stop before multiplying out the final value.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Mass percent of Cu} = \\\\frac{340}{605} \\\\times 100\\\\% = 56.2\\\\%\"}}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Mass of Cu in 420 g CuO} = 0.562 \\\\times 420 = 236\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" g\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Use the mass percent to find the amount of copper in any sample of CuO.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q10. How many moles are in 34.2 g of H2O?\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Moles and Molar Mass\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your ability to convert grams to moles using molar mass.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Formula:\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Moles} = \\\\frac{\\\\text{mass (g)}}{\\\\text{molar mass (g/mol)}}\"}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Find the molar mass of H2O: \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"2 \\\\times 1.01 + 16.00 = 18.02\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" g/mol.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Set up the calculation: \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\frac{34.2}{18.02}\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\".\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Stop before calculating the final value.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Moles} = \\\\frac{34.2}{18.02} = 1.90\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" mol\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Divide the mass by the molar mass to get moles.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q11. How many compounds of CaO in a 250 g sample?\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Moles and Avogadro's Number\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your ability to find the number of formula units (compounds) in a given mass.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Formula:\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Number of formula units} = \\\\frac{\\\\text{mass}}{\\\\text{molar mass}} \\\\times 6.022 \\\\times 10^{23}\"}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Find the molar mass of CaO: \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"40.08 + 16.00 = 56.08\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" g/mol.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Calculate moles: \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\frac{250}{56.08}\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\".\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Multiply moles by Avogadro's number to get the number of compounds.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Stop before calculating the final value.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Moles of CaO} = \\\\frac{250}{56.08} = 4.46\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" mol\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Number of compounds} = 4.46 \\\\times 6.022 \\\\times 10^{23} = 2.69 \\\\times 10^{24}\"}}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Multiply moles by Avogadro's number to get the total number of formula units.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q12. What is the percent composition of Carbon in the molecule C4H6O4?\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Percent Composition\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your ability to calculate the mass percent of an element in a compound.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Formula:\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Percent composition} = \\\\frac{\\\\text{mass of element in 1 mole}}{\\\\text{molar mass of compound}} \\\\times 100\\\\%\"}}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Calculate the molar mass of C4H6O4: \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"4 \\\\times 12.01 + 6 \\\\times 1.01 + 4 \\\\times 16.00\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\".\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Find the total mass of carbon in one mole: \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"4 \\\\times 12.01\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\".\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Set up the percent composition formula for carbon.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Stop before calculating the final value.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Molar mass} = 48.04 + 6.06 + 64.00 = 118.10\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" g/mol\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Percent C} = \\\\frac{48.04}{118.10} \\\\times 100\\\\% = 40.7\\\\%\"}}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Carbon makes up 40.7% of the mass of C4H6O4.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q13. Name the following compounds:\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Chemical Nomenclature\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your ability to name ionic and covalent compounds using standard rules.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Terms:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Ionic compounds:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Name cation first, then anion (with -ide ending).\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Covalent compounds:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Use prefixes for number of atoms.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Identify if the compound is ionic or covalent.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"For ionic compounds, name the metal first, then the nonmetal with -ide.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"For covalent compounds, use prefixes (mono-, di-, tri-, etc.).\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Write the names for each compound.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"a. K3P - Potassium phosphide\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"b. SiO2 - Silicon dioxide\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"c. NaNO3 - Sodium nitrate\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Use naming rules for each type of compound.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q14. What is the formula for the following compounds:\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Chemical Formulas\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your ability to write chemical formulas from compound names.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Terms:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Polyatomic ions:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Know common ions and their charges.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Prefixes:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Indicate number of atoms (hepta- = 7).\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Identify the ions or elements in each compound.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Balance charges for ionic compounds.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Use prefixes for covalent compounds.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Write the correct formula for each compound.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"a. Calcium phosphate - Ca3(PO4)2\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"b. Sodium sulfide - Na2S\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"c. Iodine heptafluoride - IF7\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Balance charges and use prefixes as needed.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q15. Balance the following equations:\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Chemical Equation Balancing\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your ability to balance chemical equations so that the number of atoms is equal on both sides.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Terms:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Balancing:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Adjust coefficients to ensure atom conservation.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Write out the unbalanced equation.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Count the number of atoms of each element on both sides.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Add coefficients to balance atoms, starting with metals, then nonmetals, then hydrogen and oxygen.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Check your work to ensure all atoms are balanced.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"a. \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"2\\\\text{Al} + 6\\\\text{HCl} \\\\rightarrow 3\\\\text{H}_2 + 2\\\\text{AlCl}_3\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"b. \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Mg} + \\\\text{F}_2 \\\\rightarrow \\\\text{MgF}_2\"}}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Balanced equations have equal numbers of each atom on both sides.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q16. Based on the balanced equations in question 15, answer the following questions:\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Stoichiometry\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your ability to use balanced equations to relate moles and masses of reactants and products.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Terms and Formulas:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Mole ratio:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Use coefficients from balanced equation.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Mass to moles:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Moles} = \\\\frac{\\\\text{mass}}{\\\\text{molar mass}}\"}}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"For equation A, use the mole ratio between HCl and AlCl3 from the balanced equation.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Set up the proportion: \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{moles AlCl}_3 = \\\\frac{3.5}{6} \\\\times 2\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\".\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"For equation B, convert grams of F2 to moles, then use the mole ratio to find moles of Mg.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Set up the calculation for mass of Mg needed.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Stop before calculating the final values.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"a. \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Moles AlCl}_3 = \\\\frac{3.5}{6} \\\\times 2 = 1.17\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" mol\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"b. \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Moles F}_2 = \\\\frac{15.5}{38.00} = 0.408\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" mol\"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\rightarrow\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Moles Mg} = 0.408\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" mol"},{"type":"inlineMath","attrs":{"latex":"\\\\rightarrow"}},{"type":"text","text":" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Mass Mg} = 0.408 \\\\times 24.31 = 9.92\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" g\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Use mole ratios and molar masses to solve stoichiometry problems.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q17. Using the following balanced equation: 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Limiting Reactant and Stoichiometry\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your ability to determine the limiting reactant and calculate product and excess reactant.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Terms and Formulas:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Limiting reactant:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" The reactant that runs out first.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Mole ratio:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" Use coefficients from balanced equation.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Mass to moles:\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Moles} = \\\\frac{\\\\text{mass}}{\\\\text{molar mass}}\"}}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Step-by-Step Guidance\"}]},{\"type\":\"orderedList\",\"attrs\":{\"start\":1,\"type\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Convert masses of Al and O2 to moles.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Use the mole ratio to determine which reactant is limiting.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Calculate moles of Al2O3 formed based on the limiting reactant.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Calculate grams of excess reactant remaining.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Stop before calculating the final values.\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Try solving on your own before revealing the answer!\"}]},{\"type\":\"collapsible\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Final Answer:\"}]},{\"type\":\"bulletList\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"a. \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Moles Al} = \\\\frac{35.5}{26.98} = 1.32\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" mol; \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Moles O}_2 = \\\\frac{15.0}{32.00} = 0.469\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" mol; Limiting reactant is O2; \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Moles Al}_2\\\\text{O}_3 = 0.469 \\\\times \\\\frac{2}{3} = 0.313\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" mol\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"b. Limiting reactant: O2\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"content\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"c. \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\text{Excess Al remaining} = 1.32 - (0.469 \\\\times \\\\frac{4}{3}) = 0.695\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" mol \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"\\\\rightarrow\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" \"},{\"type\":\"inlineMath\",\"attrs\":{\"latex\":\"0.695 \\\\times 26.98 = 18.7\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\" g\"}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Use stoichiometry and limiting reactant concepts to solve.\"}]}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":3},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Q18. A reaction should theoretically produce 23.0 g of NaCl. The reaction actually produced 21.5 g of NaCl. What is the percent yield?\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"bold\"}],\"text\":\"Background\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"Topic: Percent Yield\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"text\":\"This question tests your ability to calculate percent yield from actual and theoretical yields.\"}]},{\"type\":\"heading\",\"attrs\":{\"textAlign\":null,\"level\":4},\"content\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"marks\":[{\"type\":\"underline\"}],\"text\":\"Key Formula:\"}]},{\"type\":\"paragrap