Bond length: $$121\ \text{pm}$$; Bond strength: $$498\ \text{kJ/mol}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the region shown in the first image (leftmost orbital)?

Accepted Answer

A region where an electron is most likely to be found, corresponding to an s orbital.

Question 2

Refer to the second image (radial probability graph). Which orbital experiences the highest effective nuclear charge ($$Z_{	ext{eff}}) $$and why?

Accepted Answer

The 3s orbital, because it has the greatest penetration toward the nucleus.

Question 3

Based on the third image (energy vs. internuclear distance), which number corresponds to the region where repulsive forces dominate?

Accepted Answer

$$1$$

Question 4

In the third image, which bond (A–B or C–D) is stronger and why?

Accepted Answer

Bond C–D, because it has a deeper energy minimum (lower energy).

Question 5

In the fourth image (electrostatic potential maps), which molecule is represented by the image on the far right?

Accepted Answer

HCl, because it shows a clear separation of charge with a negative region near Cl.

Question 6

Given the bond length and strength options for O$$_2$$ and H$$_2O$_2 in $$the fifth image, which values correspond to O$$_2$$?

Accepted Answer

Bond length: $$121\ 	ext{pm}$$; Bond strength: $$498\ 	ext{kJ/mol}$$

Question 7

What is the molecular formula of the compound shown in the sixth image (line drawing with OH and a triple bond)?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{C_5H_8O}$$

Question 8

Which of the following statements about resonance is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Generally, neutral resonance structures have a greater contribution to the resonance hybrid than structures with non-zero formal charges.

Question 9

Refer to the last image (SOCl$$_2$$ resonance structures). Which structure is favored by the octet rule and which by formal charge considerations?

Accepted Answer

I is favored by the octet rule and II is favored by formal charge considerations.

Question 10

Which resonance form contributes the most to the resonance hybrid in the ninth image (amide resonance forms)?

Accepted Answer

A neutral structure with all atoms having a complete octet and minimal formal charges.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the shape of a p-orbital as shown in the first image (middle orbital)?

Accepted Answer

Dumbbell-shaped with a node at the nucleus.

Question 12

Which of the following molecules is best represented by the leftmost electrostatic potential map in the fourth image?

Accepted Answer

Cl$$_2$$, because it is nonpolar and shows an even distribution of charge.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a valid resonance structure for the molecule shown in the eighth image (box at top)?

Accepted Answer

D

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the 3s orbital is lower in energy than the 3p and 3d orbitals (see second image)?

Accepted Answer

The 3s orbital has greater penetration, so its electrons experience a higher effective nuclear charge.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the bond type in NaCl, as shown in the fourth image?

Accepted Answer

Ionic, because there is a complete transfer of electrons from Na to Cl.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the trend in atomic radii for the elements K, Na, N, and P?

Accepted Answer

Atomic radius increases down a group and decreases across a period.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct line drawing for tryptophan, as shown in the seventh image?

Accepted Answer

A bicyclic structure with an indole ring, a side chain containing a methylene group, an amino group, and a carboxyl group.

General Chemistry Review: Orbitals, Bonding, Electron Configurations, and Resonance

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