뒤로Solutions: Properties, Types, and Examples (General Chemistry Chapter 9 Study Notes)
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Solutions
Definition and Formation of Solutions
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. Solutions form when there is sufficient attraction between solute and solvent molecules, allowing the solute to disperse evenly throughout the solvent.
Solvent: The component present in a much larger amount.
Solute: The component present in a smaller amount.
Solutions are homogeneous, meaning their composition is uniform throughout.
Formation requires molecular-level interaction between solute and solvent.
Example: In a solution of salt water, water is the solvent and salt (NaCl) is the solute.
Properties of Solutes in Solutions
General Properties
Solutes are the substances dissolved in a solvent to form a solution. Their properties in solution include:
May be liquids, gases, or solids.
Spread evenly throughout the solution.
Mix with solvents, so the solute and solvent have the same physical state (if both are liquids, for example).
Cannot be separated by filtration, but can be separated by evaporation.
Are not visible but can impart color to the solution.
Example: Copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) dissolves in water, forming a blue solution as the solute particles disperse among water molecules.
Types of Solutes and Solvents
Examples of Solutions
Solutions can be classified based on the physical states of their solute and solvent. Below is a summary table of common examples:
Type of Solution | Example | Primary Solute | Solvent |
|---|---|---|---|
Gas in Gas | Air | O2(g) | N2(g) |
Gas in Liquid | Soda water | CO2(g) | H2O(l) |
Liquid in Liquid | Household ammonia | NH3(g) | H2O(l) |
Liquid in Liquid | Vinegar | HC2H3O2(l) | H2O(l) |
Solid in Liquid | Seawater | NaCl(s) | H2O(l) |
Solid in Liquid | Tincture of iodine | I2(s) | C2H5OH(l) |
Solid in Solid | Brass | Zn(s) | Cu(s) |
Solid in Solid | Steel | C(s) | Fe(s) |
Additional info: Solutions can exist in all combinations of solid, liquid, and gas phases, provided the solute is evenly distributed in the solvent.
