Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

Brown - Chemistry: The Central Science 15th Edition

Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970당신이 사용하는 게 아니라요?교과서 변경

Brown 15th Edition

Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

문제 89b

8장, 문제 89b

(b) Using these partial charges and the atomic radii given in Figure 7.8, estimate the dipole moment of the molecule.

검증된 단계별 안내

Identify the atoms involved in the molecule and their respective partial charges (\( \delta^+ \) and \( \delta^- \)).

Determine the distance between the centers of the two atoms using their atomic radii. This distance is the bond length.

Use the formula for dipole moment: \( \mu = q \times d \), where \( q \) is the magnitude of the charge and \( d \) is the distance between the charges.

Substitute the values of the partial charge (\( q \)) and the bond length (\( d \)) into the formula.

Calculate the dipole moment, ensuring the units are consistent, typically in Debye (D).

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주요 개념

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Dipole Moment

The dipole moment is a measure of the separation of positive and negative charges in a molecule. It is a vector quantity, represented by the product of the charge magnitude and the distance between the charges. A higher dipole moment indicates a greater polarity, which affects the molecule's interactions with electric fields and other polar substances.

Partial Charges

Partial charges arise in polar covalent bonds where electrons are not shared equally between atoms, leading to a slight positive charge (δ+) on one atom and a slight negative charge (δ-) on the other. These charges are crucial for determining the overall dipole moment of a molecule, as they indicate how charge is distributed within the molecule.

Atomic Radii

Atomic radii refer to the size of an atom, typically measured as the distance from the nucleus to the outermost electron shell. In the context of dipole moments, atomic radii help estimate the distance between partial charges in a molecule, which is essential for calculating the dipole moment accurately. Understanding atomic radii allows for better predictions of molecular behavior and interactions.

관련 실천

교과서 질문

Consider the collection of nonmetallic elements O, P, Te, I, and B. (a) Which two would form the most polar single bond?

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A major challenge in implementing the 'hydrogen economy' is finding a safe, lightweight, and compact way of storing hydrogen for use as a fuel. The hydrides of light metals are attractive for hydrogen storage because they can store a high weight percentage of hydrogen in a small volume. For example, NaAlH₄ can release 5.6% of its mass as H2 upon decomposing to NaH(s), Al(s), and H₂(g). NaAlH₄ possesses both covalent bonds, which hold polyatomic anions together, and ionic bonds. (c) Based on electronegativity differences, predict the identity of the polyatomic anion. Draw a Lewis structure for this ion.

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교과서 질문

(c) The measured dipole moment of BrCl is 0.57 D. If you assume the bond length in BrCl is the sum of the atomic radii, what are the partial charges on the atoms in BrCl using the experimental dipole moment?

The substance chlorine monoxide, ClO(g), is important in atmospheric processes that lead to depletion of the ozone layer. The ClO molecule has an experimental dipole moment of 1.24 D, and the Cl—O bond length is 160 pm. (b) Based on the electronegativities of the elements, which atom would you expect to have a partial negative charge in the ClO molecule?

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교과서 질문

A major challenge in implementing the 'hydrogen economy' is finding a safe, lightweight, and compact way of storing hydrogen for use as a fuel. The hydrides of light metals are attractive for hydrogen storage because they can store a high weight percentage of hydrogen in a small volume. For example, NaAlH4 can release 5.6% of its mass as H2 upon decomposing to NaH(s), Al(s), and H2(g). NaAlH4 possesses both covalent bonds, which hold polyatomic anions together, and ionic bonds. (b) Which element in NaAlH4 is the most electronegative? Which one is the least electronegative? Which element in NaAlH4 is the least electronegative?

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교과서 질문

Consider the collection of nonmetallic elements O, P, Te, I, and B. (b) Which two would form the longest single bond?

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