Question 1

Which step in the CRISPR/Cas adaptive immunity mechanism involves the integration of fragments of invading phage DNA into the CRISPR locus as spacers?

Accepted Answer

Spacer acquisition

Question 2

In eukaryotic gene regulation, which enzyme is responsible for adding acetyl groups to histone tails, thereby increasing transcription?

Accepted Answer

Histone acetyltransferase (HAT)

Question 3

A population has two alleles, A and a, with allele frequencies $$p = 0.7$$ and $$q = 0.3. $$According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes?

Accepted Answer

$$2pq = 0.42$$

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of enhancers in eukaryotic gene regulation?

Accepted Answer

They increase the rate of transcription and confer tissue-specific gene expression.

Question 5

A restriction enzyme recognizes the sequence $$5'	ext{GAATTC}\ 3'$$ and cuts between G and A. What type of ends does this produce?

Accepted Answer

Sticky ends

Question 6

Which of the following is a consequence of DNA methylation at CpG islands in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Inhibition of transcription

Question 7

In the creation of a knockout mouse, which process is used to disrupt the target gene’s reading frame in embryonic stem cells?

Accepted Answer

Homologous recombination

Question 8

Which equation represents the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a gene with three alleles (p, q, r)?

Accepted Answer

$$(p + q + r)^2$ = 1$$

Question 9

Which of the following is a characteristic of tumor suppressor genes in cancer development?

Accepted Answer

Loss-of-function mutations in both alleles are required for cancer

Question 10

Which mechanism allows for the rapid degradation of mRNAs containing premature stop codons?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mediated decay

Question 11

A patient inherits one mutant allele of the APC gene, predisposing them to colon cancer. What additional genetic event is necessary for tumor formation?

Accepted Answer

Loss of heterozygosity at the APC locus

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a property required for a DNA vector used in molecular cloning?

Accepted Answer

Ability to encode a functional protein product

Question 13

Which type of selection favors intermediate phenotypes and selects against both extremes?

Accepted Answer

Stabilizing selection

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the TATA box in eukaryotic transcription?

Accepted Answer

It is the site where TFIID binds to initiate transcription.

Question 15

Which of the following is a limitation of whole exome sequencing?

Accepted Answer

It fails to identify gene regulatory regions that influence gene expression.

Question 16

Which process is illustrated by the equation $$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$?

Accepted Answer

Calculation of genotype frequencies in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-world application of recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

Production of RNA vaccines

Question 18

Which of the following is a feature of the mutator phenotype in cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

High levels of genomic instability due to defective DNA repair

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the founder effect in population genetics?

Accepted Answer

A small group migrates away from a larger population, leading to reduced genetic diversity

Question 20

Which of the following is a mechanism by which CRISPR/Cas9 can be used for genome editing in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR)

Advanced Study Notes: CRISPR/Cas Adaptive Immunity and Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes

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