Question 1

Which organelle contains its own DNA and is directly involved in ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 2

A researcher observes a cell with a single circular chromosome and no membrane-bound organelles. Which type of organism is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Archaeon

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of centrioles during cell division?

Accepted Answer

They anchor spindle fibers in the centrosome.

Question 4

In a monohybrid cross between two heterozygous parents (Aa x Aa), what is the expected genotype ratio in the F2 generation?

Accepted Answer

$$1:2:1$$

Question 5

Which base pairing is altered during tautomerization-induced point mutations?

Accepted Answer

$$T$$ pairs with $$G$$ instead of $$A$$

Question 6

Which of the following statements about DNA methylation is correct?

Accepted Answer

It prevents transcription factors from binding to CpG islands, decreasing gene expression.

Question 7

A mutation that changes a codon but does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein is called:

Accepted Answer

Silent mutation

Question 8

Which of the following is true about the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

It is degenerate, meaning multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.

Question 9

Which process is responsible for removing introns from pre-mRNA in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Spliceosome

Question 10

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why sickle cell anemia demonstrates the 'one gene-one polypeptide' hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Electrophoresis shows that a single gene provides genetic information for one amino acid change.

Question 12

Which of the following is a feature of polycistronic mRNA?

Accepted Answer

It is found in prokaryotes and codes for multiple proteins from a single mRNA.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a direct product of transcription in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 14

A woman is heterozygous for a sex-influenced trait where the dominant allele causes baldness in males but not in females. What is the expected phenotype for her and her son (assuming the son inherits the dominant allele)?

Accepted Answer

The woman will not be bald; the son will be bald

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct description of a metacentric chromosome?

Accepted Answer

Centromere is in the middle

Question 16

Which of the following is a consequence of DNA acetylation?

Accepted Answer

Increases gene expression

Question 17

A gene therapy trial uses a retrovirus as a vector. What is the main function of the retrovirus in this context?

Accepted Answer

To transcribe RNA into DNA and integrate it into the host genome

Question 18

Which of the following is true about hydrogen bonding in DNA?

Accepted Answer

G-C pairs have three hydrogen bonds

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world application of CRISPR-Cas9 technology?

Accepted Answer

Editing genes to cure disease by introducing DNA into cells

Question 20

If a trait is polygenic, which of the following is most likely true?

Accepted Answer

It shows continuous variation in the population

Comprehensive Genetics Study Notes: Cell Structure, DNA, Gene Expression, and Inheritance

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