Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a required characteristic of genetic material?

Accepted Answer

It must be able to move freely across cell membranes.

Question 2

In the Hershey-Chase experiment, which radioactive isotope was used to label DNA, and why was it chosen?

Accepted Answer

$$^{32}\mathrm{P}$$, because phosphorus is found in DNA but not in protein.

Question 3

Which experiment provided the first direct evidence that DNA is the genetic material in eukaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Recombinant DNA technology

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why DNA with a higher GC content has a higher melting temperature?

Accepted Answer

GC pairs form three hydrogen bonds, while AT pairs form two.

Question 5

Which of the following statements about the structure of DNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

The two strands are antiparallel and held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of a purine base found in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine

Question 7

A scientist exposes cells to UV light at 260 nm and observes a high mutation rate. What does this suggest about the genetic material?

Accepted Answer

The genetic material is likely to be DNA.

Question 8

Which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose.

Question 9

Which type of RNA is the most abundant in cells and serves as a structural component of ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

rRNA

Question 10

A mutation in a gene prevents the formation of phosphodiester bonds during DNA replication. Which process would be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

The addition of nucleotides to the growing DNA chain

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes DNA from an RNA template.

Question 12

Which experimental result from Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty's work provided the strongest evidence that DNA is the transforming principle?

Accepted Answer

No transformation occurred after treatment with DNase.

Question 13

Which of the following is a direct application of recombinant DNA technology as evidence for DNA being the genetic material?

Accepted Answer

Inserting a gene for human insulin into bacteria and observing insulin production

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered to have their own genetic material?

Accepted Answer

They contain DNA that encodes some of their own proteins.

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the central dogma of molecular biology?

Accepted Answer

Transcription → Translation → Protein synthesis

Question 16

A sample of double-stranded DNA is found to contain 30% adenine. What percentage of guanine would you expect to find?

Accepted Answer

20%

Question 17

Which of the following techniques is most commonly used to separate DNA fragments by size?

Accepted Answer

Gel electrophoresis

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the directionality of DNA strands?

Accepted Answer

One strand runs 5' to 3', and the other runs 3' to 5'.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of tRNA?

Accepted Answer

Serving as a structural component of ribosomes

DNA Structure and Analysis: Foundations of Genetic Material

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