Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between catabolism and anabolism in metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Catabolism breaks down molecules to release energy, while anabolism uses energy to build complex molecules.

Question 2

Which tissue relies exclusively on glucose as its energy source under all physiological conditions?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells (RBCs)

Question 3

During prolonged fasting (starvation, \u003e5 days), which fuel source does the brain primarily utilize?

Accepted Answer

Ketone bodies

Question 4

Which of the following is an essential amino acid?

Accepted Answer

Valine

Question 5

What is the energy density (kcal/g) of fat compared to carbohydrates and protein?

Accepted Answer

Fat: 9 kcal/g; Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/g; Protein: 4 kcal/g

Question 6

Which glucose transporter is insulin-dependent and primarily found in muscle and adipose tissue?

Accepted Answer

GLUT4

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the Gibbs free energy equation and its implication for a spontaneous reaction?

Accepted Answer

$$\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S$$; a negative $$\Delta G$$ means the reaction is spontaneous.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis?

Accepted Answer

CO$$_2$$

Question 9

Which step(s) of glycolysis are considered irreversible and highly regulated?

Accepted Answer

Steps 1, 3, and 10

Question 10

A population has 4% of individuals expressing a recessive genetic disorder. What is the frequency of carriers (heterozygotes) in this population according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

32%

Question 11

Which laboratory technique is used to detect specific proteins in a sample?

Accepted Answer

Western blot

Question 12

Which vitamin is water-soluble?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin C

Question 13

During the basal (post-absorptive) state (2–12 hours after a meal), which process is primarily responsible for maintaining blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Glycogenolysis

Question 14

Which of the following statements about nitrogen balance is correct?

Accepted Answer

Positive nitrogen balance occurs during growth.

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the Warburg effect?

Accepted Answer

It describes the preference of cancer cells for glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen.

Question 16

Which transporter is responsible for glucose uptake in the liver and pancreatic beta cells?

Accepted Answer

GLUT2

Question 17

What is the correct Hardy-Weinberg equation for genotype frequencies?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 18

Which process is NOT used by the body to sustain blood glucose during fasting?

Accepted Answer

Muscle glycogen breakdown

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct pairing of a blotting technique and its target molecule?

Accepted Answer

Western blot – Protein

Question 20

Which of the following is a product of the complete catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?

Accepted Answer

CO$$_2$$, H$$_2O$$, and NH$$_3$$

Genetics and Biochemistry: Key Concepts and Applications

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