Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular genetics?

Accepted Answer

Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

Question 2

A researcher is studying a gene that is regulated differently in bacteria and eukaryotes. Which of the following is a key difference in gene regulation between these two domains?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotes use transcription factors and chromatin remodeling, while bacteria primarily use operons.

Question 3

A woman is a carrier for a recessive X-linked disorder. If she has children with a man who does not have the disorder, what is the probability that their son will have the disorder?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{2}$$

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why mitochondrial inheritance is considered non-Mendelian?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial genes are inherited exclusively from the mother.

Question 5

A couple, both heterozygous for a gene with complete dominance, have a child. What is the probability that the child will display the recessive phenotype?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{4}$$

Question 6

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of quantitative traits?

Accepted Answer

Human height, which shows continuous variation and is influenced by multiple genes.

Question 7

A geneticist is analyzing a pedigree for a rare autosomal dominant disorder. Which of the following patterns would most likely be observed?

Accepted Answer

The disorder appears in every generation and affects both males and females.

Question 8

If a DNA sample contains 30% adenine, what percentage of guanine would you expect to find?

Accepted Answer

$$20\%$$

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the function of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the mRNA codons.

Question 10

A patient is diagnosed with a chromosomal mutation resulting in the loss of a segment of a chromosome. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Deletion

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a gene with two alleles, A and a?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 12

A population of 1000 individuals has 360 individuals with genotype AA, 480 with Aa, and 160 with aa. What is the frequency of allele a?

Accepted Answer

$$0.4$$

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-world example of extranuclear inheritance?

Accepted Answer

Inheritance of mitochondrial myopathy.

Question 14

A gene is found to be located on the Y chromosome. Which of the following statements is true regarding its inheritance?

Accepted Answer

It is only passed from father to son.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Each strand of the original DNA serves as a template for a new strand.

Question 16

A student is analyzing the results of a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous pea plants (RrYy x RrYy). What is the expected phenotypic ratio among the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$9:3:3:1$$

Question 17

Which of the following is a key feature of multifactorial traits?

Accepted Answer

They are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.

Question 18

A mutation changes a codon from UAU (tyrosine) to UAA (stop codon). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why genetic drift has a greater effect in small populations?

Accepted Answer

Allele frequencies are more likely to change due to random chance.

Question 20

A patient with a genetic disorder is found to have a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, resulting in the Philadelphia chromosome. This is most commonly associated with which disease?

Accepted Answer

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

Genetics (BIOL 471) Syllabus and Course Overview

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