Question 1

Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular genetics?

Accepted Answer

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia, a disease caused by a single nucleotide mutation in the beta-globin gene. Which type of mutation is most likely responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

A missense mutation resulting in a single amino acid substitution.

Question 3

In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous pea plants (RrYy x RrYy), what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

Accepted Answer

$$9:3:3:1$$

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a gene with two alleles, A and a?

Accepted Answer

$$p^2 + 2pq$$ + $$q^2 = 1$

Question 5

A woman with blood type AB has a child with a man who is blood type O. What are the possible blood types of their child?

Accepted Answer

A or B

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why X-linked recessive disorders are more common in males than in females?

Accepted Answer

Males have only one X chromosome, so a single recessive allele will cause the disorder.

Question 7

A population of butterflies has two alleles for wing color: B (black) and b (white). If the frequency of B is 0.7 and the frequency of b is 0.3, what is the expected frequency of heterozygotes under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

$$0.42$$

Question 8

Which of the following is a real-world application of recombinant DNA technology?

Accepted Answer

Producing human insulin using genetically engineered bacteria.

Question 9

During DNA replication, which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing the new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to the growing chain?

Accepted Answer

DNA polymerase

Question 10

A genetic counselor is working with a family where both parents are carriers for cystic fibrosis (an autosomal recessive disorder). What is the probability that their child will have cystic fibrosis?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{4}$$

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message.

Question 12

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates gene-environment interaction?

Accepted Answer

A person with a genetic predisposition to skin cancer develops the disease after excessive sun exposure.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about Mendel's law of independent assortment is correct?

Accepted Answer

Alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation.

Question 14

A researcher is studying a gene that is 1,500 base pairs long. If a mutation deletes 3 base pairs, what is the most likely effect on the protein product?

Accepted Answer

A single amino acid will be deleted, but the reading frame will be preserved.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)?

Accepted Answer

PCR is used to amplify a specific segment of DNA.

Question 16

A woman who is a carrier for hemophilia (an X-linked recessive disorder) has children with a man who does not have hemophilia. What is the probability that their son will have hemophilia?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{1}{2}$$

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of incomplete dominance in genetics?

Accepted Answer

A red-flowered plant crossed with a white-flowered plant produces pink-flowered offspring.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains the concept of genetic linkage?

Accepted Answer

Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together.

Question 19

A scientist is using CRISPR-Cas9 to edit a gene in human cells. What is the primary function of the Cas9 protein in this process?

Accepted Answer

Cas9 cuts the DNA at a specific location determined by the guide RNA.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Accepted Answer

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to the observable characteristics.

Genetics Syllabus and Course Structure – Seton Hall University

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